Influence of reproductive cycle, sex, age and season on haematologic parameters in domestic animals: A review

Abstract

Haematologic parameters play a pivotal role in clinical diagnosis, the evaluation of patient before surgical intervention and in monitoring responses to therapy. The paper reviews haematologic parameters as influenced by exogenous and endogenous factors, including reproductive cycle, sex, age and season, with emphasis on domestic animals reared in the tropics. It is concluded that reproductive cycle, sex, age and season modulate haematologic parameters, and that they should be considered in order to ensure accurate interpretation of the parameters in domestic animals.

Hematological parameters in Polish mixed breed rabbits with addition of meat breed blood in the annual cycle

“…The results are hardly comparable to prior Polish studies (Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej and Deptuła 2010), which only involved recording the values both in males and females of Polish mixed-breed rabbits. In turn, the results of the studies obtained presently, as compared to the results obtained abroad, are different and difficult to compare with prior results (Fox and Laird 1970, Kabata et al 1991, Aleman et al 2000, Kim et al 2002, Burnett et al 2006, Chineke et al 2006, Black et al 2009, Ç etin et al 2009, Poljičak-Milas et al 2009, Abdel-Azeem et al 2010, Ö zkan et al 2012, Yaqub et al 2013). The present study does not confirm the results obtained by Kabata et al 1991 (Fox and Laird 1970, Aleman et al 2000, Kim et al 2002, Chineke et al 2006, Black et al 2009, Abdel-Azeem et al 2010, despite the assessment of the impact of sex on the behaviour of red and white blood cell image parameters in rabbits, did not show any significant changes in this respect.…”

“…Haematological parameters in mix-breed Polish rabbits with addition of blood of meat breed blood in annual cycle considering sex. Legend: ( ) -number of animals; x -mean value; SD -standard deviation, a -statistically significant difference between male and female, b -statistically significant difference between seasons (together), where b1 -statistically significant difference between spring and summer; b2 -statistically significant difference between spring and autumn; b3 -statistically significant difference between spring and winter; b4 -statistically significant difference between summer and autumn; b5 -statistically significant difference summer and winter; b6 -statistically significant difference between autumn and winter in the present study (Pintor and Grassini 1957, Fox and Laird 1970, Bortolotti et al 1989, Kabata et al 1991, Aleman et al 2000, Cazabon et al 2000, Rohilla et al 2000, Kim et al 2002, Burnett et al 2006, Chineke et al 2006, Olayemi and Nottidge 2007, Archetti et al 2008, Black et al 2009, Ç etin et al 2009, Jeklova et al 2009, Poljičak-Milas et al 2009, Abdel-Azeem et al 2010, Martinec et al 2012, Ö zkan et al 2012, Yaqub et al 2013). …”

“…The number of leucocytes and lymphocytes was the lowest in July and October, while in our study, the highest number of lymphocytes was recorded in spring. In turn, Black et al (2009) in Sylvilagus Bachmanii Riparius and rabbits, and Yaqub et al (2013) in unspecified rabbits, also assessed the impact of the season on haematological parameters in such animals, but did not reveal such impact. To recapitulate these results, it must be stated that the, rather important, impact of the season on such parameters, as revealed in Polish mixed-breed rabbits with addition of blood of meat breeds, is not reflected in prior studies, where the season seems to be of little significance for such parameters, as a smaller number of blood parameters increases, as compared to the present study, including reticulocytes, leucocytes, lymphocytes and haemoglobin concentration.…”

“…On the other hand, the worldwide research have been performed on rabbits of different races (New Zealand, Agora, Czech and Sylvilagus Bachmani Riparius, cottontail, Soviet Chinchilla, grey giant, albino) and many unspecified mixed-breed rabbits, but only some of them have analysed the impact of the season of the year (Pintor and Grassini 1957, Black et al 2009, Ç etin et al 2009, Abdel-Azeem et al 2010, Yaqub et al 2013, sex (Fox and Laird 1970, Kabata et al 1991, Aleman et al 2000, Kim et al 2002, Burnett et al 2006, Chineke et al 2006, Black et al 2009, Ç etin et al 2009, Poljičak-Milas et al 2009, Abdel-Azeem et al 2010, Ö zkan et al 2012, Yaqub et al 2013, age (Bortolotti et al 1989, Chineke et al 2006, Olayemi and Nottidge 2007, Archetti et al 2008, Jeklova et al 2009, Yaqub et al 2013, and race of rabbits (Cazabon et al 2000, Rohilla et al 2000, Burnett et al 2006, Chineke et al 2006, Martinec et al 2012, Yaqub et al 2013. Also books (Feldman et al 2000, Harkness et al 2007 regarding reference values for haematological parameters in rabbits, present such values only for the New Zealand race, and do not account for environmental or physiological factors.…”

Natural immunity factors in Polish mixed breed rabbits

“…Furthermore, when assessing such parameters in rabbits, the impact of the season of the year and sex of the animals have not been analysed, and the importance of such factors has been Correspondence to: P. Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej, email: paulina.niedzwiedzka@gmail.com, tel. : +48 91 444 16 05 evidenced in reference to haematological factors (Pintor and Grassini 1957, Fox and Laird 1970, Nowaczyk et al 2005, Burnett et al 2006, Chineke et al 2006, Black et al 2009, Cetin et al 2009, Poljičak-Milas et al 2009, Abdel-Azeem et al 2010, Ö zkan et al 2012, Yaqub et al 2013), although Nowaczyk et al (2005) recorded, in Polish mixed-breed rabbits, the influence of the year season on the polimorphonuclear (PMN) cells adherence capacity and lysozyme (LZM) volume in serum. It must be mentioned that natural immunity factors are so important that their role has been evidenced in bacterial and viral infections in rabbits (Tew et al 1971, Tokarz-Deptułasubstances, including drugs (Prokopowicz 1972, Prokopowicz and Ziobro 1972, Szmigielski 1972, Rausch and Moore 1975, Garbuliński et al, 1985, Dębowy et al 1988, Obmińska-Domoradzka 1992, Świtała 1992, Obmińska-Domoradzka et al 1993, Wessely-Szponder et al 2012.…”