Influence of religion and birthplace on the genetic structure of Northern Ireland

Relethford, John H.; Crawford, Michael H.

doi:10.1080/03014469800005492

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…An earlier paper (Tavares-Neto and Azevedo, 1978) reports significant differences in ABO blood-group frequencies among whites, mulattos, and blacks in Bahia, Brazil, indicating a degree of correspondence between genetic makeup and ethnicity. More recently, sev-eral studies investigated how religious differences and geographic distance affect the genetic structure of Ireland (Bittles and Smith, 1994;Relethford and Crawford, 1998;Smith et al, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

Ethnicity, gene flow, and population subdivision in Lim�n, Costa Rica

Madrigal

Ware

Miller

et al. 2001

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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In this paper we examine the effects of ethnicity on the gene flow between two groups living in Limón, Costa Rica. Our main interest is to determine if ethnicity has acted as a barrier to the exchange of genes, and if the groups have remained distinct genetically. We report the admixture estimates, F(st) values, and inbreeding coefficients of the two samples. The data consist of blood samples and surnames obtained from 375 individuals. The subjects' two surnames were analyzed to determine the ethnicity of their parents (individuals carry their father's and mother's first surnames). We used the formula of Crow and Mange ([1965] Eugen Q 12:199-203) to compute F(t), F(n), and F(r) with the surnames. Admixture estimates were computed for both groups using the computer program ADMIX.PAS kindly provided by Jeffrey Long. The estimates for the Hispanic-Limonense group are M1 = 0.5866 European, M2 = 0.3383 Amerindian, and M3 = 0.0751 African ancestry. For the Afro-Limonense group, the admixture estimates indicate M1 = 0.1047 European, M2 = 0.1357 Amerindian, and M3 = 0.7595 African ancestry. The F(st) values are F(st) = 0.00558 for the Hispanic group and F(st) = 0.05137 for the Afro-Limonense group. These F(st) values indicate that the Afro-Limonense group has experienced more genetic drift than has the other group, possibly as a result of its long history of isolation in Costa Rica. Indeed, when plotted along a scaled eigenvector R matrix of Caribbean gene frequencies, the two Limonense groups did not cluster with each other. Thus we conclude that the two ethnic groups have remained distinct breeding populations.

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Ethnicity, gene flow, and population subdivision in Lim�n, Costa Rica

Madrigal

Ware

Miller

et al. 2001

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

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“…The diagonal elements represent the genetic distance of population i to a regional centroid (i.e., the hypothetical group that would exist if populations were not divided from one another – Konigsberg, 2006), defined by the mean allele frequencies over all populations being studied (Relethford, 1994). Positive values within the matrix indicate similarities between populations, the contrary for negative values (Relethford, 1994; Relethford et al, 1997). The F ST index measures genetic or population differentiation (Relethford & Harpending, 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological distances between Late Holocene hunter‐gatherers from the lower Paraná wetland (Argentina)

Mazza

2022

American J Hum Biol

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Introduction This study assesses the biological affinity between Late Holocene hunter‐gatherers that inhabited the region of the lower Paraná wetland (Argentina) at the end of the Late Holocene (1800–700 years BP). Methods Cranial nonmetric traits were registered in 159 adult individuals of both sexes. Biodistances were estimated between environmental and archaeological units through Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence, Mahalanobis distance, multidimensional scaling, Fst index, and R‐matrix. Biological distances concerning temporal and geographic distances between the archaeological sites were also evaluated through Mantel and partial Mantel tests. Results The environmental units showed statistically significant biodistances according to a distance spatial pattern but low genetic differentiation between groups. Additionally, some archaeological sites with median radiocarbon dates around 700 years BP also presented statistically significant biodistances. Conclusions Gene flow and genetic drift could be responsible for the observed biodistance results. These processes gave rise to different subpopulations of hunter‐gatherers with a shared material culture, whose territorial limits could have been reinforced around 700 years BP or earlier.

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“…This resulted in 1259 independent SNPs for educational attainment and 602 independent SNPs for cognitive performance. To estimate what phenotypic F st would look like if all amonggroup differences were genetic, divergence was exclusively attributable to random genetic drift, and no GxE or GxG existed, I use the approach developed by Relethford and Blangero (1990) and Relethford et al (1997). I also use the country-level IQ data used by Piffer (2015) that match the 1000 genome populations that constitute the AFR and EUR superpopulations.…”

Section: F St Differentiation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

No support for the hereditarian hypothesis of the Black–White achievement gap using polygenic scores and tests for divergent selection

Bird

2021

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: Debate about the cause of IQ score gaps between Black and White populations has persisted within genetics, anthropology, and psychology. Recently, authors claimed polygenic scores provide evidence that a significant portion of differences in cognitive performance between Black and White populations are caused by genetic differences due to natural selection, the "hereditarian hypothesis." This study aims to show conceptual and methodological flaws of past studies supporting the hereditarian hypothesis.Materials and methods: Polygenic scores for educational attainment were constructed for African and European samples of the 1000 Genomes Project. Evidence for selection was evaluated using an excess variance test. Education associated variants were further evaluated for signals of selection by testing for excess genetic differentiation (F st ). Expected mean difference in IQ for populations was calculated under a neutral evolutionary scenario and contrasted to hereditarian claims.Results: Tests for selection using polygenic scores failed to find evidence of natural selection when the less biased within-family GWAS effect sizes were used. Tests for selection using F st values did not find evidence of natural selection. Expected mean difference in IQ was substantially smaller than postulated by hereditarians, even under unrealistic assumptions that overestimate genetic contribution. Conclusion:Given these results, hereditarian claims are not supported in the least.Cognitive performance does not appear to have been under diversifying selection in Europeans and Africans. In the absence of diversifying selection, the best case estimate for genetic contributions to group differences in cognitive performance is substantially smaller than hereditarians claim and is consistent with genetic differences contributing little to the Black-White gap.

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Influence of religion and birthplace on the genetic structure of Northern Ireland

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Ethnicity, gene flow, and population subdivision in Lim�n, Costa Rica

Ethnicity, gene flow, and population subdivision in Lim�n, Costa Rica

Biological distances between Late Holocene hunter‐gatherers from the lower Paraná wetland (Argentina)

No support for the hereditarian hypothesis of the Black–White achievement gap using polygenic scores and tests for divergent selection

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