Influence of Real Ear Resonance on Male Voice Formant Frequency

Heo, Seung-Deok; Kang, Hui-Ra; Ko, Do-Heung

doi:10.12963/csd.17384

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…서로 다른 주파수에 서 발생하는 공명 이득은 포먼트 주파수를 포함한 다양한 음향 특 성에도 영향을 줄 수 있으며, 남녀 음성에서도 당연히 서로 다른 차 이가 있을 수 있다. 실제로 외이도 내부 음성은 음원으로부터 거리 및 외이 공명 등의 영향으로 달라질 수 있으며, 남자 및 여자 화자 음성 각각을 따로 분석한 연구가 있다 (Heo, Kang, & Ko, 2017;Heo, Kang, & Kim, 2018). 그러나 이들 연구는 남자 또는 여자를 대상으로, 서로 다른 녹음 조건에서 서로 음향 특성을 분석한 연구이며, 같은 조건에서 성별 차이에 따 른 음향 특성을 분석하지는 않았다.…”

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Acoustic Characteristics of Recorded-Voice Depending on Gender in the External Ear Canal

Kang¹,

Heo²

2019

Commun Sci Disord

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Objectives:The acoustic feature of vowels become different when they pass through the vocal tract, and also differ depending on gender differences such as anatomical structures and vocalization habits. Sound is perceived by the hearing organs through the outer ears, and the characteristics of sound also become different by passing the outer ears, which act as resonators, just as the vocal tracts do. Thus, this study aims to analyze the formant frequency of the /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/ recorded in the external auditory canal (EAC) and to investigate gender differences. Methods: Ten female (mean age, 23 ± 3.77 years) and 8 male (mean age, 25± 3.68 years) participated as speakers, and 1 male participated as a listener. Two condenser microphones connected with a probe tube were used for sound recording. Male and female voices were recorded, which were fixed probe tube at upper pinna and in the EAC. After determining the F1, F2, F3, and F4, formant frequencies were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Gender differences between upper pinna and EAC were examined and analyzed using an independent sample t-test. Results: In terms of gender differences in the upper pinna, female voices in F1, F2, F3, and F4 (p = .000) of /a/, F1 (p = .000), F3 (p = .016), and F4 (p = .000) of /i/, F1 (p = .000) of /u/, F1 (p = .000), F3 (p = .000), and F4 (p = .000) of /e/, and F1 (p = .015), F4 (p = .000) of /o/ were significantly higher than male voices. However, F2 (p = .013) of /u/, F2 (p = .000) and F3 (p = .000) of /o/ were significantly lower. On the other hand, in the EAC, F1, F2, F3, and F4 (p = .000) of /a/, F1 (p = .005), F2 (p = .041), F3 (p = .023), and F4 (p = .000) of /i/, F2, F3, and F4 (p = .000) of /e/ were significantly higher for female participants. Conclusion: With respect to the gender difference of voice in the upper pinna, the female vowel space was observed to be spacious on the whole, affected by the F1 and F2, F3 and F4 of rounded and unrounded vowel. In case of the voice in the ear canal, the difference between low and high vowels and the difference between F1 and F2 of the front and the back vowels of the female participants became larger. F3 was higher in rounded and unrounded vowels of female participants. F4 was higher in low, high, front and the back vowels of female participants. In the ear canal, the vowel space of both genders showed conspicuous differences, and notably the vowel space of F3 and F4 was observed independently without any overlapping.

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Acoustic Characteristics of Recorded-Voice Depending on Gender in the External Ear Canal

Kang¹,

Heo²

2019

Commun Sci Disord

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Formant Transition of Nasal and Liquid in the External Auditory Canal

허승덕¹,

김도윤²

2018

Commun Sci Disord

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Objectives: While speech sounds can be heard and understood through the external ear (EE), the EE transmits the sound through the air as a medium. Consequently, acoustic characteristics of speech sounds differ depending on the structure of the EE or the physical characteristics of the medium. This study aims to investigate how the characteristics of the EE's acoustic transmission affect the formant transition (FT) of nasals and liquids. Methods: Sixteen healthy men and women who had no problems in their auditory or articulation system participated in this study. One participant acted as the speaker, and the remaining 15 participants were listeners. In terms of the voice, monosyllabic words which combined the nasal /n/ and liquid /l/ with the vowel /a/ were used. When recording, a high-performance microphone was used, and mounted on the upper pinna and the external auditory canal respectively. The recorded voice was calibrated with MATLAB, and the FT was analyzed with Praat. The differences between the two voices were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA. Results: In the sound field, the FT was elevated for both nasals and liquids with the exception of F4 which showed an increase following a decrease. In the EAC, regarding the formant transfer, only F1 and F2 exhibited an elevation, while F3 decreased, and F4 was maintained in the case of nasals. In the case of liquids, it was observed that although F1 and F4 were elevated, F4 was nearly horizontal, F2 showed a decrease, and F3 was maintained. Conclusion: The formant transition of the external auditory canal contributes to improving the discriminative qualities of speech by broadening the formant spacing of nasal F3, F4, and liquid F2, F3, and F4.

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Influence of Real Ear Resonance on Male Voice Formant Frequency

Cited by 2 publications

References 12 publications

Acoustic Characteristics of Recorded-Voice Depending on Gender in the External Ear Canal

Acoustic Characteristics of Recorded-Voice Depending on Gender in the External Ear Canal

Formant Transition of Nasal and Liquid in the External Auditory Canal

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