Influence of Radiation Treatment on Pharmaceuticals-A Review: Alkaloids, Morphine Derivatives, and Antibiotics

Abstract

A survey was made of the relevant literature on experimental irradiation of alkaloids, morphine derivatives, and alkaloids; the results of 98 investigations of 67 different substances from 33 different sources were compiled and discussed. Twenty-one substances were investigated more often than once, 12 of them twice, 2 of them three times. The most data are available for morphine hydrochloride (six studies), atropine sulfate (seven studies), chloramphenicol (eight studies), streptomycine (jive studies), and tetracycline four studies). Irradiation was carried out in the dose range 5-750 kGy, in most cases between 10 and 60 kGy. 495

Methods for the Preparation and Manufacture of Polymeric Nanoparticles

“…It can be applied on packaged products avoiding further risk of microbial contamination. However, gamma irradiation may affect the performance of a drug delivery system because energy transfer may induce fragmentation of covalent bonds and produce free radicals which, in turn, can damage the polymer forming the nanoparticles or induce production of compounds with toxicological hazard (226,229,230). Gamma irradiations of PCL nanoparticles resulted in an increase of molecular weight due to cross-linking reactions occurring between polymer chains or between PCL and surfactants (226).…”

Electron Beam and Gamma Radiolysis of Solid-State Metoclopramide

“…A change in color is frequently reported after the exposure of a drug toward ionizing radiation (19,20). The coloration can either be due to the formation of a radiolytic product that absorbs in the visible region and gives a colored solution after dissolution (20,21) or, as in our case, to electrons trapped in the solid matrix that may be responsible for the color.…”

“…Moreover, the products resulting from bonds cleavages remain trapped into the crystalline matrix (except H & that can diffuse) and could recombine (17,18). However, as some solid-state irradiated drugs show a major degradation (3,19), this effect is not only due to the solid matrix but is strengthened by the presence of an aromatic ring in the metoclopramide molecule that disperses the absorbed energy throughout the entire aromatic system (15,17). The aromatic system seems to be effective at longer distances, as only little modifications on the lateral chains occur (17).…”

Amino acids in the syntheses of heterocyclic systems: Syntheses and radiostability of novel biologically active triazoles containing the sulfonamide moiety

“…In view of these findings, we undertook the synthesis of a new series of compounds incorpo-rating the above mentioned biologically active moieties in one molecule and evaluated their antifungal activity. The application of radiation in pharmaceuticals technology has steadily increased during the past few years [10,11]. In the 1997 edition of the European pharmacopoeia, under the methods of preparation of sterile products, irradiation is one of only three processes that can be used as a terminal sterilization method.…”