Influence of race on prenatal phthalate exposure and anogenital measurements among boys and girls

Wenzel, Abby G.; Bloom, Michael S.; Butts, Celeste D.; Wineland, Rebecca; Brock, John W.; Cruze, Lori; Unal, Elizabeth Ramsey; Kucklick, John R.; Somerville, Stephen; Newman, Roger B.

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.007

Cited by 50 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Given that the half‐life of most phthalates is less than 5 hours, we assumed that concentrations in the urine sample obtained reflected routine exposure. We previously reported intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.12 to 0.68 in a subsample of women with multiple urine collections in our study cohort . Furthermore, we collected the urine sample at 18 to 22 weeks' gestation, and penile differentiation is completed by 17 to 18 weeks' gestation .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and butylbenzyl phthalate (BzBP) have all demonstrated anti‐androgen effects in rodent studies, leading to concern for human exposure . Similar effects are reported in humans with shorter AGD, smaller penis size, including length and width, and a high prevalence of genitourinary defects among males born to mothers with elevated urinary phthalates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Frozen specimens were transferred to the Hollings Marine Laboratory (Charleston, South Carolina) for the analysis of eight common phthalate monoester metabolites, including mono‐n‐butyl phthalate (MBP), mono‐isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2‐ethyl‐5‐oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono(2‐ethyl‐5‐hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono‐ethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono‐methyl phthalate (MMP), using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Detailed laboratory methods, including quality control procedures, are described in a prior publication . We corrected phthalate concentrations for urine volume using specific gravity, as follows: Pc = P ((1.016 − 1)/( SG − 1)), where Pc was the specific gravity (SG)‐corrected phthalate concentration (ng/mL), 1.016 was the mean urinary SG for all participants, and SG was the individual value.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In utero effects of maternal phthalate exposure on male genital development

et al. 2019

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Background Phthalates are used extensively in commercial and personal care products and maternal exposure is ubiquitous. Phthalates are anti‐androgenic, but the potential effects of phthalates on male penile development have not been assessed in utero. Objective The study aims to investigate the association between early pregnancy phthalate exposure and fetal penile development, overall and by race. Methods Prospective cohort study of women with singleton pregnancies presenting for prenatal ultrasound between 18 and 22 weeks' gestation. Maternal urine samples were assayed for eight phthalate monoester metabolites. We used maternal phthalate levels at 18 to 22 weeks' gestation as predictors of fetal size using multiple linear regression models, adjusted for fetal gestational age, maternal age, race, smoking, and education. We incorporated a phthalate by race interaction into a second set of regression models. Results We detected statistically significant race interactions for continuous phthalates with penile width. Race interactions were also suggested for penile length and volume using tertiles of phthalates with point estimates generally positive for whites and negative for African Americans. Conclusion Penile development is significantly influenced by race, and the impact of maternal phthalates on penile measurements also varies by race. Maternal phthalate exposure can adversely affect in utero penile growth and development, especially among African Americans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In utero effects of maternal phthalate exposure on male genital development

et al. 2019

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“…Three of eight high-quality studies observed significant results. Wenzel et al (2018) observed that ano-scrotal distance was positively associated with MiBP among white male infants (b ¼ 1.68, 95% CI: 0.09, 3.27). The authors also observed that ano-clitoral distance was inversely associated with concentrations of MEP among African American female infants (b¼ À1.13, 95% CI: À1.90, À0.35; Wenzel et al 2018).…”

Section: Anogenital Distancementioning

confidence: 91%

“…Ten cohort studies assessed AGD measured on infants in relation to MEP and MiBP exposure; two of the studies examined potential modifiers of the relationship between AGD and phthalates (Adibi et al 2015;Barrett et al 2016). Five of the studies only included male infants (Swan 2008;Suzuki et al 2012;Bornehag et al 2015;Jensen et al 2016;Martino-Andrade et al 2016); the remaining five included both male and female infants (Huang et al 2009;Adibi et al 2015;Swan et al 2015;Barrett et al 2016;Wenzel et al 2018). Importantly, AGD was measured in newborns in all of the studies but two (Swan 2008;Jensen et al 2016).…”

Section: Anogenital Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review and quality ranking of studies of two phthalate metabolites and anogenital distance, bone health, inflammation, and oxidative stress

Sweeney¹,

O’Leary²,

Jeney³

et al. 2019

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Phthalates are ubiquitous chemical compounds, and two-di-ethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP)-are not currently regulated by the U.S. Congress or the European Union. While many reviews of phthalates have been published, none have examined bone health, inflammation, or oxidative stress; anogenital distance was most recently reviewed in 2014. The objective of this paper is to determine if an association exists between mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) or mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), metabolites of DEP and DiBP, respectively, and the four outcomes indicated above. We conducted a literature search of PubMed through December 2017 and included 29 observational epidemiologic studies published in English that assessed MEP and/or MiBP in relation to one of the above four health outcomes in humans. Two authors rated each paper using a modified Downs and Black (DB) assessment tool; a third author settled score disagreements. A single author extracted information related to the study population, exposure and outcome assessment, covariates, and significant results from each article. Ten studies were identified on anogenital distance, four on bone health, five on inflammation, and thirteen on oxidative stress. Score percentages (total points given out of total possible points) were calculated for each study. The current research suggests a positive association between MiBP and two measures of oxidative stress, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-isoprostane. MEP is potentially associated with 8-OHdG as well, although the evidence is limited by fewer highquality studies. There does not appear to be an association between anogenital distance and MEP or MiBP, and it is unclear if relationships exist between these phthalate metabolites and bone health and inflammation. Given the role that oxidative stress plays in a number of diseases and the ubiquity of MEP and MiBP, it is important that individuals be aware of potential sources of exposure to these chemicals.

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