Influence of prolonged continuous exercise on hormone responses to subsequent exercise in humans

Viru, Atko; Hackney, Anthony C.; Välja, Erli; Karelson, Kalle; Janson, T.; Viru, Mehis

doi:10.1007/s004210100498

Cited by 66 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…The fact that we found reduced cortisol levels in particular can give rise to questions but has already been mentioned after prolonged intense exercise and is still being debated. In a previous study, Viru et al [29] suggested that fatigue from prolonged endurance activity may introduce a resetting in the pituitary-adrenocortical component of the endocrine system, expressed by either intensified or suppressed endocrine functions. These authors have examined in men the cortisol response to a standardized test of shortterm submaximal exercise (10 min cycling ergometry at 70% maximal oxygen uptake) performed before and after 2 h prolonged exercise, and at the same time they have assessed muscle performance through a 1-min anaerobic power test at the end of the 10-min cycling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Combined Stress during Intense Training on Cellular Immunity, Hormones and Respiratory Infections

Gomez-Mérino¹,

Drogou²,

Chennaoui³

et al. 2005

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Objectives: This study was designed to determine immune and hormonal changes and their relationship with the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) during an extremely stressful military training (3 weeks of physical conditioning followed by a 5-day combat course with energy restriction, sleep deprivation and psychological stress). Methods: Blood samples were collected from 21 cadets (21 ± 2 years old) before training and after the combat course for analysis of leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations, serum cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and IL-10], and hormones [catecholamines, cortisol, leptin, total insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and testosterone]. Symptoms of URTI were recorded from health logs and medical examinations during training. Results: After the combat course, total leukocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly increased while total lymphocytes were unchanged. In lymphocyte subsets, NK cells were reduced (p < 0.01), while CD4+ and CD19+ (B) cells were increased. Levels of IL-6 were increased (p < 0.01), while those of IL-1β and IL-10 were unchanged. Norepinephrine and dopamine levels were increased, while those of cortisol were reduced. Levels of leptin, testosterone, prolactin and total IGF-I were reduced, while those of DHEAS were increased. The incidence of URTI increased during the training (χ² = 53.48, p < 0.05). After training data analysis showed a significant correlation between URTIs and NK cells (p = 0.0023). Training-induced changes in immune and hormonal parameters were correlated. Conclusions: Blood NK cell levels are related to increased respiratory infections during physical training in a multistressor environment. The training-induced decreases in immunostimulatory hormone levels may have triggered immunosuppression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Combined Stress during Intense Training on Cellular Immunity, Hormones and Respiratory Infections

Gomez-Mérino¹,

Drogou²,

Chennaoui³

et al. 2005

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…However, the criteria of Viru et al (2001) were then used to categorize subject groups by percent hormone change into (+) responders (increases), (-) responders (decreases), or non-responders (no change). Responders required a hormone concentration change exceeding the assay bio-variability and the human biological intra-individual variability for fT3, the physiologically most active thyroid hormone (see Viru et al 2001). Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables [mean (SEM)].…”

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting thyroid and leptin hormone changes in women following intense, prolonged exercise training

Baylor

Hackney

2003

Eur J Appl Physiol

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This study examined whether free (f) triidothyronine (T3), f thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and leptin concentrations at rest changed in response to 20 weeks of exercise-training. Two groups of women were recruited for participation in the study, collegiate athletes ( n=17) and sedentary controls (n=4). Exercise training consisted of daily athletic activity such as rowing, running, and weight lifting. Subjects were initially grouped into rowers and controls. However, earlier suggested criteria were further used to categorize hormone changes (percentages) in the subjects into (+) responders (increases), (-) responders (decreases), or non-responders (no changes). The fT3 results of the rowers revealed two distinct categories of responses, (-) responder (all decreases; n=10) and non-responder (no change; n=7) rowers. In the responders fT3 concentration decreased (P<0.05) from baseline (BL) during an intense training period [(mean SEM) at 5 weeks by -28.2 (6.2)% and at 10 weeks by -24.9 (7.9)%], then returned towards BL levels (20 weeks compared to BL, P>0.05). Similar changes (P<0.05), at comparable times, were noted for leptin and TSH concentrations in the (-) responder rowers. The non-responder rowers and control subjects displayed no significant (P>0.05) hormone changes over the 20 weeks. The hormone changes observed in the (-) responder rowers were not significantly (P>0.05) correlated with changes in body composition or hydration status during the study. The mechanism for the hormone changes in the (-) responder rowers is unclear. We speculate the decrease in concentrations of TSH and fT3 could be attributable to a lower hypothalamic-pituitary signaling action, and this is related to the decreased leptin concentrations, and could represent a possible means of energy conservation in these exercising women.

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“…7 The internal load, or the relative physiological strain resulting from the external training factors, is also crucial to determining both the stress imposed and subsequent adaptation to training. 9 A combination of both the external and internal load is therefore important for training since the uncoupling or divergence of external and internal loads may differentiate between a nonfatigued and a fatigued athlete. 3,7 This approach is particularly relevant in "closed loop" sports like cycling where the performance outcome is time, and the power produced by the rider is known to have a relatively precise association with the performance time.…”

Section: Methods For Monitoring Fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice

Thorpe¹,

Atkinson²,

Drust³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

219

229

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The increase in competition demands in elite team sports over recent years has prompted much attention from researchers and practitioners to the monitoring of adaptation and fatigue in athletes. Monitoring fatigue and gaining an understanding of athlete status may also provide insights and beneficial information pertaining to player availability, injury, and illness risk. Traditional methods used to quantify recovery and fatigue in team sports, such as maximal physical-performance assessments, may not be feasible to detect variations in fatigue status throughout competitive periods. Faster, simpler, and nonexhaustive tests such as athlete self-report measures, autonomic nervous system response via heart-rate-derived indices, and to a lesser extent, jump protocols may serve as promising tools to quantify and establish fatigue status in elite team-sport athletes. The robust rationalization and precise detection of a meaningful fluctuation in these measures are of paramount importance for practitioners working alongside athletes and coaches on a daily basis. There are various methods for arriving at a minimal clinically important difference, but these have been rarely adopted by sport scientists and practitioners. The implementation of appropriate, reliable, and sensitive measures of fatigue can provide important information to key stakeholders in team-sport environments. Future research is required to investigate the sensitivity of these tools to fundamental indicators such as performance, injury, and illness.Keywords: training, performance, wellness, recovery, injury, illness Elite team-sport athletes, particularly those in the professional football codes, are exposed to high competition loads, particularly in recent years. These high loads reflect a number of factors, including an increased frequency of domestic competitions, particularly for higher-level athletes, as well as a higher intensity of competition due to enhanced player preparation strategies. 1 Higher loads may also result from the increased demands of international competition during both the domestic season and the off-season period.An increased availability of athletes for selection, as a result of a reduction in injuries, substantially increases a team's chance of success. 2 Therefore, injury prevention strategies are fundamental to the work of the athlete's support team. Routine modifications in training load (frequency, duration, intensity) occur during the training cycle and these subsequently increase or decrease fatigue. Management of fatigue is important in mediating adaption to training and ensuring the athlete is prepared for competition, 3 as well as for reducing the athletes' susceptibility to nonfunctional overreaching, injury, and illness. 4 The importance of managing athlete fatigue has led to an increase in interest in monitoring athlete loads, particularly in terms of the measures which may offer insights into whether the athlete is adapting positively or negatively to the collective stresses of training and competition. In the pr...

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Influence of prolonged continuous exercise on hormone responses to subsequent exercise in humans

Cited by 66 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of Combined Stress during Intense Training on Cellular Immunity, Hormones and Respiratory Infections

Effects of Combined Stress during Intense Training on Cellular Immunity, Hormones and Respiratory Infections

Resting thyroid and leptin hormone changes in women following intense, prolonged exercise training

Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice

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