Influence of Post-Flowering Climate Conditions on Anthocyanin Profile of Strawberry Cultivars Grown from North to South Europe

Abstract

The effect of cultivar and environmental variations and their interaction on anthocyanin components of strawberry were assessed for six cultivars grown in five locations from North to South of Europe in two different years. To evaluate the impact of latitude- and altitude-related factors, daily mean (Tmean), maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature and global radiation accumulated for 3, 5, 10 and 15 days before fruit sampling, was analyzed. In general, fruits grown in the south were more enriched in total anthocyanin and pelargonidin-3-glucoside (pel-3-glc), the most abundant anthocyanin in strawberry. Principal component analysis (PCA) provided a separation of the growing locations within a cultivar due to latitudinal climatic differences, temporary weather changes before fruit collection and cultivation technique. PCA also depicted different patterns for anthocyanin distribution indicating a cultivar specific reaction on the environmental factors. The linear regression analysis showed that pel-3-glc was relatively less affected by these factors, while the minor anthocyanins cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(6-O-malonyl)-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-(6-O-malonoyl)-glucoside were sensitive to Tmax. The global radiation strongly increased cya-3-mal-glc in ‘Frida’ and pel-3-rut in ‘Frida’ and ‘Florence’. ‘Candonga’ accumulated less pel-3-glc and total anthocyanin with increased global radiation. The anthocyanin profiles of ‘Gariguette’ and ‘Clery’ were unaffected by environmental conditions.

Physiological, Biochemical, and Biometrical Response of Cultivated Strawberry and Wild Strawberry in Greenhouse Gutter Cultivation in the Autumn-Winter Season in Poland—Preliminary Study

“…As for wild strawberry 'Regina', we found a significantly higher content of anthocyanins (0.337 mg•g −1 ) than in 'Baron von Solemacher', which proves a significant influence of the genotype. This is also confirmed by Krüger et al [53], who found that the total anthocyanin concentration in strawberry is both qualitatively and quantitatively known to be strongly influenced by the genotype and, likewise, by external factors such as temperature and light (photoperiod, quantity, and wavelength including UV-light).…”

Influence of altitude on the physicochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of strawberry: a preliminary systematic review and meta-analysis

“…and 1500 m.a.s.l. (A ˚kerstro ¨m et al 2010;Kru ¨ger et al 2021). It is currently known that the total anthocyanin contents in strawberries are strongly influenced, both qualitatively and quantitatively, by external factors such as high or low temperatures and light (photoperiod, quantity, and wavelength including UV-light), and in turn these factors influence the altitude at which the fruits are grown (Kru ¨ger et al 2021).…”

Exploring Genotype-by-Environment Interactions of Chemical Composition of Raspberry by Using a Metabolomics Approach

“…Lower latitudes within Europe have also shown to favor anthocyanin accumulation in strawberries and currants ( Ribes sp.) compared to higher ones, with significant differences in pigment pattern between southern and northern samples [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. However, total phenols and strawberry fruit antioxidant capacity were generally increased in higher latitudes, which may be partially explained by higher ascorbic acid and tannins; curiously, our data showed a trend of increased TEAC values (mean TEAC value of 25.88 mmol/Trolox in Norway, compared to 23.8 and 23.19 mmol/Trolox in Germany and Poland, respectively) in the Norwegian samples, except for ‘Veten’.…”

“…Secondary metabolite analysis by HPLC coupled to ion trap mass spectrophotometer (anthocyanins) and RP-HPLC/UV (colorless polyphenols) was carried out as described in [ 59 ]. Volatile analysis by HS-SPME/GC-MS was executed following the protocol presented by Pott et al [ 84 ] All metabolite-relative content obtained from the three techniques was normalized to dry weight.…”