Influence of plasticizer molecular weight on plasticizer retention in PVC geomembranes

Stark, Timothy D.; Choi, Hangseok; Diebel, P. W.

doi:10.1680/gein.2005.12.2.99

Cited by 35 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This plasticizer release, as well as creating problems of stiffening, can lead to variations in the crystallization of the samples due to the reorganization over time (aging) of the crystalline structures [30]. Even the plasticizer molecular weight and linearity of the plasticizer influence the migration and so an average plasticizer molecular weight is required to ensure long-term plasticizer retention in the polymeric matrix [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films

et al. 2020

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Plasticized poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blend-based films containing chitin nanofibrils (CN) and calcium carbonate were prepared by extrusion and compression molding. On the basis of previous studies, processability was controlled by the use of a few percent of a commercial acrylic copolymer acting as melt strength enhancer and calcium carbonate. Furthermore, acetyl n-tributyl citrate (ATBC), a renewable and biodegradable plasticizer (notoriously adopted in PLA based products) was added to facilitate not only the processability but also to increase the mechanical flexibility and toughness. However, during the storage of these films, a partial loss of plasticizer was observed. The consequence of this is not only correlated to the change of the mechanical properties making the films more rigid but also to the crystallization and development of surficial oiliness. The effect of the addition of calcium carbonate (nanometric and micrometric) and natural nanofibers (chitin nanofibrils) to reduce/control the plasticizer migration was investigated. The prediction of plasticizer migration from the films’ core to the external surface was carried out and the diffusion coefficients, obtained by regression of the experimental migration data plotted as the square root of time, were evaluated for different blends compositions. The results of the diffusion coefficients, obtained thanks to migration tests, showed that the CN can slow the plasticizer migration. However, the best result was achieved with micrometric calcium carbonate while nanometric calcium carbonate results were less effective due to favoring of some bio polyesters’ chain scission. The use of both micrometric calcium carbonate and CN was counterproductive due to the agglomeration phenomena that were observed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films

et al. 2020

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“…When evaluating leaching processes over long time periods, the change of D PVC with proceeding leaching needs to be taken into consideration for calculations, and a numerical model is required. Increasing phthalate depletion would also result in reduced flexibility and embrittlement and fragmentation of the PVC microplastics to smaller-sized PVC particles . The reduced diffusion distance of the particles would then make it more likely for ABLD to become the limiting diffusion process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics Leach Phthalates into the Aquatic Environment over Decades

Henkel

Hüffer

Hofmann

2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Phthalic acid esters (phthalates) have been detected everywhere in the environment, but data on leaching kinetics and the governing mass transfer process into aqueous systems remain largely unknown. In this study, we experimentally determined time-dependent leaching curves for three phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate, and diisononyl phthalate from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics and thereby enabled a better understanding of their leaching kinetics. This is essential for exposure assessment and to predict microplastic-bound environmental concentrations of phthalates. Leaching curves were analyzed using models for intraparticle diffusion (IPD) and aqueous boundary layer diffusion (ABLD). We show that ABLD is the governing diffusion process for the continuous leaching of phthalates because phthalates are very hydrophobic (partitioning coefficients between PVC and water log K PVC/W were higher than 8.6), slowing down the diffusion through the ABL. Also, the diffusion coefficient in the polymer DPVC is relatively high (∼8 × 10–14 m2 s–1) and thus enhances IPD. Desorption half-lives of the studied PVC microplastics are greater than 500 years but can be strongly influenced by environmental factors. By combining leaching experiments and modeling, our results reveal that PVC microplastics are a long-term source of phthalates in the environment.

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“…Following a priori knowledge [ 17 ], a series of the hybrid plasticizers is firstly fabricated with the weight ratio of 5:1 (DOS:the others) to attain average molecular weights of >400 Da ( Table 2 ). Among the other hybrid-plasticized sensors ( Figure 4 ), DOS:TOTM and DOS:DHP are the two sensors that exhibit the highest current responses with a significant difference ( p -value < 0.05).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Plasticizers Enhance Specificity and Sensitivity of an Electrochemical-Based Sensor for Cadmium Detection

Ruangsuj

Wanthongcharoen

Chaisriratanakul

et al. 2022

IJMS

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In addition to their use as an additive to improve physical properties of solvent polymeric membranes, plasticizers have a considerable impact on the specificity and sensitivity of membrane-modified electrochemical sensors. In this work, we aim at the hybridization of two different plasticizers using the electropolymerization technique in the development of a cadmium(II)-selective electrochemical sensor based on screen-printed gold electrode along with cyclic voltammetric measurement. At this point, we first screen for the primary plasticizer yielding the highest signal using cyclic voltammetry followed by pairing it with the secondary plasticizers giving rise to the most sensitive current response. The results show that the hybridization of DOS and TOTM with 3:1 weight ratio (~137.7-μm-thick membrane) renders a signal that is >26% higher than that from the sensor plasticized by DOS per se in water. The solution of 0.1 mM hydrochloric acid (pH 4) is the optimal supporting electrolyte. In addition, hybrid plasticizers have adequate redox capacity to induce cadmium(II) transfer from bulk solution to the membrane/water interfaces. Conversion of voltammetric signals to semi-integral currents results in linearity with cadmium(II) concentration, indicating the irreversible cadmium(II) transfer to the membrane. The DOS:TOTM hybrid sensor also exhibits high sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 95 ppb and 288 ppb, respectively, as well as greater specificity towards cadmium(II) than that obtained from the single plasticizer sensor. Furthermore, recovery rates of spiked cadmium(II) in water samples were higher than 97% using the hybrid plasticizer sensor. Unprecedentedly, our work reports that the hybridization of plasticizers serves as ion-to-electron transducer that can improve the sensor performance in cadmium(II) detection.

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Influence of plasticizer molecular weight on plasticizer retention in PVC geomembranes

Cited by 35 publications

References 8 publications

Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films

Sustainable Micro and Nano Additives for Controlling the Migration of a Biobased Plasticizer from PLA-Based Flexible Films

Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics Leach Phthalates into the Aquatic Environment over Decades

Hybrid Plasticizers Enhance Specificity and Sensitivity of an Electrochemical-Based Sensor for Cadmium Detection

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