Influence of Plant Community Structure on Natural Enemies of Pine Needle Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Urban Landscapes

Tooker, John F.; Hanks, Lawrence M.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-29.6.1305

Cited by 83 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The enemies hypothesis predicts that increased habitat complexity will support more natural enemies, which then more intensively regulate herbivore populations (Root 1973). This prediction is consistent with the importance of biotic regulation proposed by Hairston et al (1960) and has been supported by studies in natural (Maron andHarrison 1997, Hawkins et al 1999), agricultural (Letourneau 1987, Bianchi et al 2006, and urban landscapes (Hanks and Denno 1993a, Shrewsbury and Raupp 2000, 2006, Tooker and Hanks 2000, Frank and Shrewsbury 2004. Specifically, in urban landscapes Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006) used a vegetation structural complexity index to rate urban yards as simple or complex based on the amount and frequency of vegetation.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…In contrast, Hairston et al (1960) argued for the importance of biotic factors such as predation and parasitism. Most research on herbivores in urban environments has focused on the hypotheses of Hairston et al (1960), attributing increased herbivore abundance on urban plants to ineffective biological control by natural enemies (Frankie and Ehler 1978, Kahn and Cornell 1989, Hanks and Denno 1993a, Shrewsbury and Raupp 2000, 2006, Tooker and Hanks 2000. However, the influences of abiotic components of urban environments on herbivores, such as the urban heat island effect, have not been examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests

Dale

Frank

2014

Ecological Applications

121

105

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Abstract. Trees provide ecosystem services that counter negative effects of urban habitats on human and environmental health. Unfortunately, herbivorous arthropod pests are often more abundant on urban than rural trees, reducing tree growth, survival, and ecosystem services. Previous research where vegetation complexity was reduced has attributed elevated urban pest abundance to decreased regulation by natural enemies. However, reducing vegetation complexity, particularly the density of overstory trees, also makes cities hotter than natural habitats. We ask how urban habitat characteristics influence an abiotic factor, temperature, and a biotic factor, natural enemy abundance, in regulating the abundance of an urban forest pest, the gloomy scale, (Melanaspis tenebricosa). We used a map of surface temperature to select red maple trees (Acer rubrum) at warmer and cooler sites in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. We quantified habitat complexity by measuring impervious surface cover, local vegetation structural complexity, and landscape scale vegetation cover around each tree. Using path analysis, we determined that impervious surface (the most important habitat variable) increased scale insect abundance by increasing tree canopy temperature, rather than by reducing natural enemy abundance or percent parasitism. As a mechanism for this response, we found that increasing temperature significantly increases scale insect fecundity and contributes to greater population increase. Specifically, adult female M. tenebricosa egg sets increased by approximately 14 eggs for every 18C increase in temperature. Climate change models predict that the global climate will increase by 2-38C in the next 50-100 years, which we found would increase scale insect abundance by three orders of magnitude. This result supports predictions that urban and natural forests will face greater herbivory in the future, and suggests that a primary cause could be direct, positive effects of warming on herbivore fitness rather than altered trophic interactions.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests

Dale

Frank

2014

Ecological Applications

121

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, a few trends have begun to appear. Urban areas are often characterized by reduced numbers of native vertebrate predators (McKinney 2002;Shochat 2004), an increased abundance of some urban-adapted species, which can potentially lead to increased competition and displacement (Hostetler and McIntyre 2001), altered behavior and phenology (Connor et al 2002;Neil and Wu 2006), high densities of herbivorous arthropods (Dreistadt et al 1990;Hanks and Denno 1993;Tooker and Hanks 2000), lower numbers of arthropod predators (Turrini et al 2016) and lower numbers of parasitoids (Denys and Schmidt 1998;Bennett and Gratton 2012;Burks and Philpott 2017). All these changes can potentially lead to altered trophic structure, and we must recognize that trophic dynamics cannot be understood based only on our knowledge of species composition (Shochat et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does urbanization explain differences in interactions between an insect herbivore and its natural enemies and mutualists?

Rocha

Fellowes

2018

Urban Ecosyst

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Urbanization can alter the composition of arthropod communities. However, little is known about how urbanization affects ecological interactions. Using experimental colonies of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scopoli reared on Vicia faba L, we asked if patterns of predator-prey, host-parasitoid and ant-aphid mutualisms varied along an urbanization gradient across a large town in southern England. We recorded the presence of naturally occurring predators, parasitoid wasps and mutualistic ants together with aphid abundance. We examined how biotic (green areas and plant richness) and abiotic features (impervious surfaces and distance to town center) affected (1) aphid colony size, (2) the likelihood of finding predators, mutualistic ants and aphid mummies (indicating the presence of parasitoids), and (3) how the interplay among these factors affected patterns of parasitoid attack, predator abundance, mutualistic interactions and aphid abundance. Aphid abundance was best explained by the number of mutualistic ants attending the colonies. Aphid predators responded negatively to both the proportion of impervious surfaces and to the number of mutualistic ants farming the colonies, and positively to aphid population size, whereas parasitized aphids were found in colonies with higher numbers of aphids and ants. The number of mutualistic ants attending was positively associated with aphid colony size and negatively with the number of aphid predators. Our findings suggest that for insect-natural enemy interactions, urbanization may affect some groups, while not influencing others, and that local effects (mutualists, host plant presence) will also be key determinants of how urban ecological communities are formed.

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“…Jumlah populasi musuh alami sebagian besar didominasi oleh parasitoid dari E. zincknella, yaitu dari famili Braconidae sebesar 177 individu, sedangkan parasitoid E. crassicornis sebesar 66 individu. Tooker & Hanks (2000) mengemukakan bahwa tingginya populasi serangga pemakan tumbuhan diakibatkan tidak adanya faktor yang menekan populasinya. Serangga parasitoid tidak ditemukan pada serangga herbivora lainnya seperti L. boeticus, Blastobasis sp.…”

Section: Hasilunclassified

Struktur komunitas serangga herbivora dan parasitoid pada polong tanaman kacang-kacangan (Fabaceae) di Padang

Hamid

2015

J Entomol Indones

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ABSTRAKKelimpahan dan keanekaragaman serangga herbivora tidak hanya ditentukan oleh tingkat tropik di atasnya, tetapi juga dapat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat tropik di bawahnya. Untuk mempelajari interaksi tritropik antara tumbuhan, serangga herbivora dan parasitoid perlu diketahui struktur komunitas serangga herbivora dan parasitoidnya pada berbagai jenis tumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari komunitas serangga herbivora dan parasitoid pada polong berbagai jenis tanaman legum di Padang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei dengan cara mengumpulkan polong tumbuhan legum di berbagai habitat. Serangga yang terdapat di dalam polong dipelihara sampai menjadi dewasa. Individu serangga yang tidak muncul dari polong dikeluarkan dengan membedah polong. Metode ini juga digunakan untuk menaksir jumlah biji, baik biji yang rusak maupun tidak rusak pada masing-masing polong. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi serangga herbivora pada polong legum terutama Crotalaria striata didominasi oleh Eucorynus crassicornis, sedangkan komposisi parasitoid didominasi oleh Famili Braconidae. Eucorynus crassicornis memiliki kisaran ekspansi yang lebih luas dibandingkan serangga herbivora lainnya. Serangga tersebut ditemukan pada tiga jenis tanaman legum, yaitu Crotalaria striata, Crotalaria sp., dan Leucaena leucocephala, sedangkan jenis herbivora lainnya hanya menyerang dua jenis legum. Persentase kerusakan tertinggi ditemukan pada Crotalaria striata, yaitu sebesar 74,53%.Kata kunci: serangga herbivora, parasitoid, legum, Eucorynus, Crotalaria ABSTRACTAbundance and diversity of herbivorous insects are not only determined by the trophic level above, but also can be affected by the trophic level below it. This research aims to study the community of herbivorous insects and parasitoids on pods of different types of legume crops in Padang. The method used in this study was a survey method. This method was done by collecting pods of legume plants in various habitats. Insects contained in pods were maintained until adulthood. Individual insects that did not emerge from the pods were removed by dissecting pods. This method was also used to estimate the number of seeds, good seeds were damaged or not damaged in each pod. The results of this study indicated that the composition of herbivorous insects on legumes, especially legume Crotalaria striata was dominated by Eucorynus crassicornis, while the parasitoid composition was dominated by Braconidae. E. crassicornis has a wider range of expansion compared to

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Influence of Plant Community Structure on Natural Enemies of Pine Needle Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Urban Landscapes

Cited by 83 publications

References 24 publications

Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests

Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests

Does urbanization explain differences in interactions between an insect herbivore and its natural enemies and mutualists?

Struktur komunitas serangga herbivora dan parasitoid pada polong tanaman kacang-kacangan (Fabaceae) di Padang

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