“…Both types of reactions, fast and slow, could be separated. Fast adsorption reactions are usually diffusion-controlled [35,36]. The relationship among relative adsorption (q s /q max ) and the square root of time (t 1/2 ) allows one to discriminate diffusion-controlled processes (i.e., rapid adsorption) from processes controlled by other factors (i.e., slow adsorption).…”
“…Both types of reactions, fast and slow, could be separated. Fast adsorption reactions are usually diffusion-controlled [35,36]. The relationship among relative adsorption (q s /q max ) and the square root of time (t 1/2 ) allows one to discriminate diffusion-controlled processes (i.e., rapid adsorption) from processes controlled by other factors (i.e., slow adsorption).…”
“…The bioavailability of Cu in soil is regulated by its adsorption, desorption and solubility [ 1 , 2 ]. The adsorption and desorption processes of Cu strongly depend on the soil microenvironment and chemical properties, such as pH, CaCO 3 , organic matter, and available phosphorous (P) levels [ 2 – 5 ]. Moreover, cropping systems and fertilisation practices affect the bioavailability of Cu in soil [ 6 – 8 ].…”
The bioavailability and fractionation of Cu reflect its deliverability in soil. Little research has investigated Cu supply to crops in soil under long-term rotation and fertilisation on the Loess Plateau. A field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design to determine the bioavailability and distribution of Cu fractions in a Heilu soil (Calcaric Regosol) after 18 years of rotation and fertilisation. The experiment started in 1984, including five cropping systems (fallow control, alfalfa cropping, maize cropping, winter wheat cropping, and grain-legume rotation of pea/winter wheat/winter wheat + millet) and five fertiliser treatments (unfertilised control, N, P, N + P, and N + P + manure). Soil samples were collected in 2002 for chemical analysis. Available Cu was assessed by diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction, and Cu was fractionated by sequential extraction. Results showed that DTPA-Cu was lower in cropping systems compared with fallow control. Application of fertilisers resulted in no remarkable changes in DTPA-Cu compared with unfertilised control. Correlation and path analyses revealed that soil pH and CaCO3 directly affected Cu bioavailability, whereas available P indirectly affected Cu bioavailability. The concentrations of Cu fractions (carbonate and Fe/Al oxides) in the plough layer were lower in cropping systems, while the values in the plough sole were higher under grain-legume rotation relative to fallow control. Manure with NP fertiliser increased Cu fractions bound to organic matter and minerals in the plough layer, and its effects in the plough sole varied with cropping systems. The direct sources (organic-matter-bound fraction and carbonate-bound fraction) of available Cu contributed much to Cu bioavailability. The mineral-bound fraction of Cu acted as an indicator of Cu supply potential in the soil.
“…Cumulated metal release was calculated using Equation (Pérez‐Novo et al , ): Where: q ( i ) is the released concentration (mmol kg −1 ) for each metal in the sample, ∆t is the time (min) needed to collect each outflow sample, C 1 ( i ) and C 2 ( i ) are the concentrations of each metal in the outflow sample in the presence and absence of soil or Soil–Shell sample (mmol L −1 ), C 1 ( i + 1) and C 2 ( i + 1) are the concentrations of each metal in the reactor chamber in the presence and absence of soil or Soil–Shell sample (mmol L −1 ), J w is the flow rate (L min −1 ), Ve is the effective volume (L) of solution in the reactor chamber and m is the mass of soil or Soil–Shell sample (kg).…”
Mining activities are related to relevant environmental pollution issues that should be controlled. We used sequential extractions to fractionate Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn retained on unamended or mussel shell-amended mine soil samples, all of them treated with a mixture of the five heavy metals (total metal concentration of 1·57 mmol L À1 ), after 1, 7 and 30 days of incubation. In addition, we used the stirred flow chamber technique to study the release of each of the five heavy metals from these different unamended and shell-amended soil samples. The results indicate that the shell amendment caused a decrease in the most soluble fraction, while increasing the most recalcitrant (least mobile) fraction. With equivalent implications, the stirred flow chamber experiments showed that mussel shell amendment was associated to a decrease in heavy metal release and increased retention. The highest mussel shell dose and incubation time caused the most relevant changes in pH values and thus in metal retention, also indicating the importance of pH modifications in the mechanism of retention acting in the amended samples. In view of these results, the use of mussel shell amendment can be encouraged to increase heavy metal retention in acid mine soils, in order to minimise risks of environmental pollution.
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