“…Figure 7 gives the comparison between the measured and simulated hourly air temperature in the test rooms B–5FC and C–5FO. To ensure the validation accuracy, two metrics: root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variation (CV (RMSE) ) were employed [ 15 , 68 , 69 ], while RMSE measures the average spread of errors which provided a measure for the model's dispersion [ 68 , 70 ], CV (RMSE) is the coefficient of variation in RMSE, as expressed by Eqs. (12) and (13) , respectively, as follows: Figure 7 Comparison of numerical indoor air temperature with experimental results.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A (W ins , -) were employed [15,68,69], while RMSE measures the average spread of errors which provided a measure for the model's dispersion [68,70], CV (RMSE) is the coefficient of variation in RMSE, as expressed by Eqs. ( 12) and ( 13), respectively, as follows:…”
Section: Experiments Numbermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, the research and application of passive technologies have received extensive attention [ 7 , 8 ]. The main ones include, adding Trombe walls [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], lightweight concrete walls [ 12 , 13 ], insulation materials [ 14 ], phase-change materials [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], retro-reflective materials [ 18 ] and green roofs [ 19 , 20 ]. The main purpose is to reduce the heat exchange between outdoor and indoor environments by improving the thermal performance of the building envelope, to obtain high thermal comfort and building energy savings.…”
“…Figure 7 gives the comparison between the measured and simulated hourly air temperature in the test rooms B–5FC and C–5FO. To ensure the validation accuracy, two metrics: root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variation (CV (RMSE) ) were employed [ 15 , 68 , 69 ], while RMSE measures the average spread of errors which provided a measure for the model's dispersion [ 68 , 70 ], CV (RMSE) is the coefficient of variation in RMSE, as expressed by Eqs. (12) and (13) , respectively, as follows: Figure 7 Comparison of numerical indoor air temperature with experimental results.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A (W ins , -) were employed [15,68,69], while RMSE measures the average spread of errors which provided a measure for the model's dispersion [68,70], CV (RMSE) is the coefficient of variation in RMSE, as expressed by Eqs. ( 12) and ( 13), respectively, as follows:…”
Section: Experiments Numbermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, the research and application of passive technologies have received extensive attention [ 7 , 8 ]. The main ones include, adding Trombe walls [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], lightweight concrete walls [ 12 , 13 ], insulation materials [ 14 ], phase-change materials [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], retro-reflective materials [ 18 ] and green roofs [ 19 , 20 ]. The main purpose is to reduce the heat exchange between outdoor and indoor environments by improving the thermal performance of the building envelope, to obtain high thermal comfort and building energy savings.…”
“…Due to the ability of PCMs to adapt to temperature fluctuations and provide the balance in temperature without the need for any mechanical infrastructure, the temperature can be more stable, especially in the internal volumes of the buildings. By using PCMs in wall design, electricity consumption for heating-cooling processes can be significantly reduced during the periods when electricity is used most intensively (Figure 9) [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. After many tests, it has been understood that the most suitable location for a PCM on the wall is the central section of the wall.…”
The need to reduce the use of fossil energy, which is running out and harmful to the environment, in response to the increasing energy demand with rapid urbanization, population growth and developing technologies reveals the necessity of research and application of technologies using renewable energy. Phase-change materials (PCM) are one of the most suitable methods for the efficient use of thermal energy originating from clean and sustainable energy sources. PCMs play important roles in a more energy-efficient world. The development of PCMs is one of the most challenging areas of study for more efficient thermal energy storage (TES) systems. This paper first explains the concept of PCMs and then describes the properties of these materials. After mentioned studies for improving the properties of PCMs, then PCM types and advantages-disadvantages are explained. Also, usage areas of PCMs in various sectors are also explained.
“…A goal of sustainable development is to design and build dwellings with a comfortable indoor thermal environment without increasing energy consumption. The thermal environment is influenced by various factors, such as wall materials ( 16 – 19 ), the outdoor environment ( 20 – 26 ), and active equipment ( 27 , 28 ). Numerous locations have devised new construction and renovation solutions to alter the indoor thermal environment of dwellings by changing the above factors ( 29 – 31 ).…”
Recently, indoor thermal comfort has received more scholarly attention than ever due to the COVID-19 pandemic and global warming. However, most studies on indoor thermal comfort in China concentrated on urban buildings in the east and north. The indoor thermal comfort of rural dwellers in southwest China is insufficiently investigated. Hence, this study assesses residents' indoor thermal comfort in a rural dwelling in Linshui, obtains the thermal neutral temperature of the rural area, and analyzes the thermal adaptation behavior of rural dwellers. The results reveal that the thermal neutral temperature of rural dwellers is 29.33°C (operative temperature), higher than that presented in previous studies based on the same climate region. Indoor thermal conditions in rural dwellings are relatively harsh, but various thermal adaptation behavior of rural dwellers significantly improve their ability to withstand the harsh conditions. When people live in an environment with a (relatively) constant climate parameter (e.g., humidity), their perception of that parameter seems compromised. Most rural dwellers are unwilling to use cooling equipment with high energy consumption. Therefore, more passive cooling measures are recommended in the design and renovation of rural dwellings.
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