Influence of pH and Temperature on the Survival of Coliforms and Enteric Pathogens When Exposed to Free Chlorine

Butterfield, C. T.; Wattie, Elsie; Megregian, Stephen; Chambers, C.

doi:10.2307/4584715

Cited by 86 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…Results obtained by Butterfield, Wattie, Megregian & Chambers (1943) suggest that over the pH range 8-5-10-7 Bact. typhosum is more sensitive than Bact.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 96%

Destruction of bacteria in sewage and other liquids by chlorine and by cyanogen chloride

Allen¹,

Brooks²

1949

J. Hyg.

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Treatment of sewage or sewage effluent with chlorine may be advocated for several reasons. These include disinfection of sewage in cases of emergency, destruction of pathogens or avoidance of unsightly growths where an effluent is discharged to a river or near bathing beaches, prevention of septicity in sewage before it reaches a treatment works, and the relief of ponding in trickling filters. Chlorination is much less generally advocated in this country than in America, where sewage is usually weaker and the dilution which it receives on discharge to rivers much greater than in Great Britain.Emergency chlorination was sometimes rendered necessary during the war and the chlorination of effluents discharged to British rivers is sometimes advocated in the interests of public health. It was considered advisable for these reasons to obtain data for the effect ofchlorine on samples ofEnglish sewage and to study the factors affecting destruction and aftergrowth of bacteria. Since it had been found (Allen, Blezard & Wheatland, 1946) that chlorinated effluents from sewage to which gas liquor had been admitted were particularly toxic to fish, special attention was devoted to a study of the bactericidal properties of such effluents. Houston (1910), as a result of experiments carried out for the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, concluded that for an effluent of good chemical quality the dose of chlorine required to ensure that no coliform organisms were detectable in 1 ml., after a period of contact of 10 hr., was between 1 and 10 p.p.m., and that the average doses required for periods of contact of 1 hr. and of 6 min. would be about 10 and 40 p.p.m. respectively. PREVIOUS WORKThe conception of chlorine demand and the use of the o-tolidine test developed by Ellms & Hauser (1913) placed chlorination on a much sounder basis. Disinfection was found by various workers to be more effective when sufficient chlorine had been added to react with all substances capable of absorbing chlorine, and to leave residual chlorine detectable by its reaction with o-tolidine, Lea (1934) pointed out that chlorination of sewage may result in the formation of a wide range of derivatives, including chloramines and chlorinated proteins, different concentrations of which are required to give a colour with o-tolidine. For results to be significant the tests applied to sewage should, therefore, be rigidly standardized. Lea recommended the use of a more acidic reagent to ensure that the pH value of the alkaline sewage was reduced to the zone required for correct yellow colour, and a larger proportion of reagent to sewage in order to avoid the diffuse and transient colour which sometimes appeared with the weaker reagent.Tiedemann (1927) found, in studies on sewage chlorination at Huntington (U.S.A.), that doses of chlorine sufficient to give a colour with starch iodide, but not sufficient to give a colour with o-tolidine, reduced both the total count and the count of coliform bacteria by 98-99 % in 10 min., and by 99-9 % in 1 hr. When there was 0-2...

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“…Results obtained by Butterfield, Wattie, Megregian & Chambers (1943) suggest that over the pH range 8-5-10-7 Bact. typhosum is more sensitive than Bact.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 96%

Destruction of bacteria in sewage and other liquids by chlorine and by cyanogen chloride

Allen¹,

Brooks²

1949

J. Hyg.

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“…At that pH level, the balance HOCl/OCl ¡ favors the much weaker biocide OCl ¡ . [6][7][8][9] Bromine can be added to the cooling water in different ways. The most common is the in-situ production of hypobromous acid by mixing bromide salts solutions (NaBr and/or KBr) and hypochlorite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the residual bromine concentration after disinfection of cooling water by statistical evaluation

Megalopoulos

Ochsenkuehn-Petropoulou

2015

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

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A statistical model based on multiple linear regression is developed, to estimate the bromine residual that can be expected after the bromination of cooling water. Make-up water sampled from a power plant in the Greek territory was used for the creation of the various cooling water matrices under investigation. The amount of bromine fed to the circuit, as well as other important operational parameters such as concentration at the cooling tower, temperature, organic load and contact time are taken as the independent variables. It is found that the highest contribution to the model's predictive ability comes from cooling water's organic load concentration, followed by the amount of bromine fed to the circuit, the water's mean temperature, the duration of the bromination period and finally its conductivity. Comparison of the model results with the experimental data confirms its ability to predict residual bromine given specific bromination conditions.

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“…Experimental results of Weidenkoph (1958), Clarke and Kabler (1954), and Clarke, Stevenson and Kabler (1956) are compared with the inactivation of E. coli as determined by Butterfield, et al., (1943) in Figure 1. Significantly, hypochlorous acid is the active viricide during the chlorination process and its effectiveness is dependent upon the type of virus present.…”

Section: Detection Of Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Rejection by the Reverse Osmosis - Ultrafiltration Processes

Sorber¹,

Malina²,

F.³

et al. 1971

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Influence of pH and Temperature on the Survival of Coliforms and Enteric Pathogens When Exposed to Free Chlorine

Cited by 86 publications

References 0 publications

Destruction of bacteria in sewage and other liquids by chlorine and by cyanogen chloride

Destruction of bacteria in sewage and other liquids by chlorine and by cyanogen chloride

Estimation of the residual bromine concentration after disinfection of cooling water by statistical evaluation

Virus Rejection by the Reverse Osmosis - Ultrafiltration Processes

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