Influence of Oxygen Exposure on the Nucleation of Platinum Atomic Layer Deposition: Consequences for Film Growth, Nanopatterning, and Nanoparticle Synthesis

Mackus, Adriaan J. M.; Verheijen, Marcel A.; Leick, Noémi; Bol, Ageeth A.; Kessels, W.M.M.

doi:10.1021/cm400562u

Cited by 128 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…The diameter of the NPs increases with 0.06 ± 0.02 nm/cycle, which corresponds to an increase of the shell thickness of 0.03 ± 0.01 nm/cycle. This thickness increase of the shell can be compared to the growthper-cycle of 0.045 nm/cycle typically observed for ALD of planar Pt films [41,51]. It shows that the Pt shell can be tailored with control of the thickness through the choice of the number of ALD cycles and with a thickness precision of 0.03 nm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Sub-nanometer dimensions control of core/shell nanoparticles prepared by atomic layer deposition

et al. 2015

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, W. M. M. (2015). Sub-nanometer dimensions control of core/shell nanoparticles prepared by atomic layer deposition. Nanotechnology, 26(9), 094002-1/11. [094002]. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/9/094002 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Bimetallic core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) are the subject of intense research due to their unique electronic, optical and catalytic properties. Accurate and independent control over the dimensions of both core and shell would allow for unprecedented catalytic performance. Here, we demonstrate that both core and shell dimensions of Pd/Pt core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) supported on Al 2 O 3 substrates can be controlled at the sub-nanometer level by using a novel strategy based on atomic layer deposition (ALD). From the results it is derived that the main conditions for accurate dimension control of these core/shell NPs are: (i) a difference in surface energy between the deposited core metal and the substrate to obtain island growth; (ii) a process yielding linear growth of the NP cores with ALD cycles to obtain monodispersed NPs with a narrow size distribution; (iii) a selective ALD process for the shell metal yielding a linearly increasing thickness to obtain controllable shell growth exclusively on the cores. For Pd/Pt core/ shell NPs it is found that a minimum core diameter of 1 nm exists above which the NP cores are able to catalytically dissociate the precursor molecules for shell growth. In addition, initial studies on the stability of these core/shell NPs have been carried out, and it has been demonstrated that core/shell NPs can be deposited by ALD on high aspect ratio substrates such as nanowire arrays. These achievements show therefore that ALD has significant potential for the preparation of tuneable heterogeneous catalyst systems.S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/NANO/26/094002/mmedia

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Sub-nanometer dimensions control of core/shell nanoparticles prepared by atomic layer deposition

et al. 2015

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“…In brief, such ALD process, by relying on high oxygen partial pressures (i.e., 0.2 bar) and oxygen exposures on the order of minutes, enables the deposition of metallic Pt NPs at temperatures (e.g., 100°C) at which conventional ALD would otherwise lead to negligible deposition without resorting to powerful oxidizers such as ozone and oxygen plasma. 18,25,42,43 The Pt/GNP composites were obtained after 1, 3, and 10 ALD cycles carried out at both 100°C and 200°C. In addition, we also carried out 10 ALD cycles at 250°C to establish a worse case reference for the initial particle size distribution (PSD) span.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, the PSDs of the Pt/GNP composites obtained after 1 and 3 cycles will be discussed in a later section dedicated to the sintering of the Pt NPs during the catalytic test. 10 cycles of conventional thermal Pt ALD, that is, ALD carried out at 250°C, 18,21,27,42 gave rise to a very broad rightskewed number-based PSD characterized by a numerous population of small NPs of about 1 nm coexisting next to NPs as large as 24 nm. The analysis of the mass-based PSD shows that, at such conditions, 80% of the platinum mass lies in NPs whose size range spans over more than 12 nm (see Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-temperature atomic layer deposition delivers more active and stable Pt-based catalysts

et al. 2017

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We tailored the size distribution of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on graphene nanoplatelets at a given metal loading by using low-temperature atomic layer deposition carried out in a fluidized bed reactor operated at atmospheric pressure. The Pt NPs deposited at low temperature (100°C) after 10 cycles were more active and stable towards the propene oxidation reaction than their high-temperature counterparts.Crucially, the gap in the catalytic performance was retained even after prolonged periods of time (>24 hours) at reaction temperatures as high as 450°C. After exposure to such harsh conditions the Pt NPs deposited at 100°C still retained a size distribution that is narrower than the one of the assynthesized NPs obtained at 250°C. The difference in performance correlated with the difference in the number of facet sites as estimated after the catalytic test. Our approach provides not only a viable route for the scalable synthesis of stable supported Pt NPs with tailored size distributions but also a tool for studying the structure-function relationship.

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“…This is, however, not necessarily so: a foreign wall may have a structure that is incompatible with that of the crystal, which may even hinder nucleation. Besides the essential role played in materials science, heterogeneous nucleation attracts a growing attention recently due to the emerging technological interest, for example, in micro-and nanopatterning techniques, [2] and controlling the related nanoscale processes, such as crystallization on patterned surfaces, the formation of quantum dots, [3][4][5][6] the controlling of the properties of partly crystalline glass ceramics, [1] phase selection in alloys, [7] and nucleation of metals on graphene. [8] Particulate additives are often used as nucleating agents to control the grain size of the solidified matter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Modeling Heteroepitaxy/Heterogeneous Nucleation by Dynamical Density Functional Theory

Podmaniczky

Tóth

Tegze

et al. 2015

Metall Mater Trans A

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FRIGYES PODMANICZKY, GYULA I. TÓ TH, GYÖ RGY TEGZE, and LÁ SZLÓ GRÁ NÁ SYCrystallization of supersaturated liquids usually starts by epitaxial growth or by heterogeneous nucleation on foreign surfaces. Herein, we review recent advances made in modeling heteroepitaxy and heterogeneous nucleation on flat/modulated surfaces and nanoparticles within the framework of a simple dynamical density functional theory, known as the phase-field crystal model. It will be shown that the contact angle and the nucleation barrier are nonmonotonous functions of the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the crystalline phase. In continuous cooling studies for substrates with lattice mismatch, we recover qualitatively the Matthews-Blakeslee mechanism of stress release via the misfit dislocations. The simulations performed for particle-induced freezing will be confronted with recent analytical results, exploring thus the validity range of the latter. It will be demonstrated that time-dependent studies are essential, as investigations based on equilibrium properties often cannot identify the preferred nucleation pathways. Modeling of these phenomena is essential for designing materials on the basis of controlled nucleation and/or nano-patterning.

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Influence of Oxygen Exposure on the Nucleation of Platinum Atomic Layer Deposition: Consequences for Film Growth, Nanopatterning, and Nanoparticle Synthesis

Cited by 128 publications

References 63 publications

Sub-nanometer dimensions control of core/shell nanoparticles prepared by atomic layer deposition

Sub-nanometer dimensions control of core/shell nanoparticles prepared by atomic layer deposition

Low-temperature atomic layer deposition delivers more active and stable Pt-based catalysts

Recent Developments in Modeling Heteroepitaxy/Heterogeneous Nucleation by Dynamical Density Functional Theory

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