Influence of oxidative stress, diaphragm fatigue, and inspiratory muscle training on the plasma cytokine response to maximum sustainable voluntary ventilation

Abstract

The influence of oxidative stress, diaphragm fatigue, and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the cytokine response to maximum sustainable voluntary ventilation (MSVV) is unknown. Twelve healthy males were divided equally into an IMT or placebo (PLA) group, and before and after a 6-wk intervention they undertook, on separate days, 1 h of (1) passive rest and (2) MSVV, whereby participants undertook volitional hyperpnea at rest that mimicked the breathing and respiratory muscle recruitment patterns commensurate with heavy cycling exercise. Plasma cytokines remained unchanged during passive rest. There was a main effect of time (P < 0.01) for plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations and a strong trend (P = 0.067) for plasma interleukin-1 receptor antagonist concentration during MSVV. Plasma IL-6 concentration was reduced after IMT by 27 ± 18% (main effect of intervention, P = 0.029), whereas there was no change after PLA (P = 0.753). There was no increase in a systemic marker of oxidative stress [DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)], and diaphragm fatigue was not related to the increases in plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations. A dose-response relationship was observed between respiratory muscle work and minute ventilation and increases in plasma IL-6 concentration. In conclusion, increases in plasma IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations during MSVV were not due to diaphragm fatigue or DNA damage in PBMC. Increases in plasma IL-6 concentration during MSVV are attenuated following IMT, and the plasma IL-6 response is dependent upon the level of respiratory muscle work and minute ventilation.

Preliminary study: comparative effects of lung volume therapy between slow and fast deep-breathing techniques on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, oxidative stress, cytokines, 6-minute walking distance, and quality of life in persons with COPD

“…In addition, this device still causes oxidative stress and cytokine release among COPD patients. Previous evidence has shown that some adverse effects cause maximum sustainable voluntary ventilation to increase oxidative stress and cytokine release 33. This is consistent with an updated study of COPD patients performing slow-breathing yoga exercises, which increase inspiratory capacity and reduce dyspnea but do not involve oxidative stress or inflammation status 34.…”

The Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Older Adults

“…MIP has been widely used in IMT studies as an estimate of inspiratory muscle strength. Since MIP is somewhat techniquedependent, it is argued that IMT-induced increases in MIP primarily reflect a learning effect (34). Our data argue against this, and instead suggest that increased Tdi may contribute to an increase in MIP.…”

Recent Advancements in Our Understanding of the Ergogenic Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training in Healthy Humans: A Systematic Review

“…Finally, in a pair of elegant studies examining the effects of RMT on the systemic cytokine response to exercise, Mills et al (48, 49) demonstrated the plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were decreased during maximal sustainable voluntary ventilation following 6 weeks of pressure-threshold IMT. During volitional hyperpnea, plasma IL-6 concentrations become elevated, even in the absence of diaphragm fatigue (48).…”

“…This is partially ameliorated during exercise following a period of RMT, however interestingly this protective effects is only observed during exercise and not voluntary hyperpnea alone (48). However, at higher ventilation levels, such as the maximal sustainable voluntary ventilation, RMT does appear to have a protective effect by reducing plasma IL-6 (49), suggesting that the plasma IL-6 response is dependent upon the level of respiratory muscle work and V̇ E . These findings indicate that RMT may exert an effect on the pro- or anti-inflammatory response during exercise and volitional hyperpnea, which may partially explain the positive effects of RMT on performance.…”