Influence of orthopedic examination on lameness scores and interobserver and intraobserver agreement in dogs with naturally occurring elbow osteoarthritis

Aulakh, Karanvir S.; Dongaonkar, Kaustubh R.; Barnes, Katherine; Ginés, Alberto; Bordelon, Jude T.; Hulse, Donald A.; Aulakh, Harmeet K.; Liu, Chin‐Chi

doi:10.1111/vsu.13390

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Inter- and intra-observer reliability of the VAS is described to score canine lameness. 32 This leads to the last limitations of this study: the subjectivity of the VAS and the non-blinded status of the evaluator in this clinical environment. Finally, a lead of improvement is to correlate the FT result with the intra-articular inflammation using a synovial analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lameness Localization in Dogs: An Exploratory Study of the Translation of the Equine Flexion Test to Canine Orthopaedics

et al. 2022

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Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the method and feasibility of the flexion test (FT) as a diagnostic tool to localize lameness on dogs. Study Design Canine FT was designed and based on the FT routinely used on horses. In dogs, the test consisted in a flexion of a joint to its full range of motion for 1 minute. Eventual increased lameness was then evaluated. The gait was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. An increase in the lameness score compared with the baseline score was considered as a positive result.The method was described for every major joint of the appendicular skeleton and was evaluated in sound and lame dogs. To evaluate the feasibility, the FT was applied for 3 minutes in eight healthy dogs on all joints. On 27 clinically lame dogs, flexion was applied for 1 minute on the joints with a suspected pathology and on their contralateral side used as a control. Results The FT was feasible and well tolerated by the sound dogs on all joints and no positive results were recorded. On clinically lame dogs, lameness increased in 81.5% of dogs. These cases were afterwards diagnosed with an orthopaedic-related disorder and then defined as true positives. False negative results occurred in 18.5% of the lameness cases. Conclusion The FT is safe and easy to perform. It did not produce any false positive results. False negatives might occur in a minor number of cases, implying that a negative result does not exclude a joint pathology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lameness Localization in Dogs: An Exploratory Study of the Translation of the Equine Flexion Test to Canine Orthopaedics

et al. 2022

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“…Subjective lameness scoring is described with the use of a visual analog scale. This method implies inter- and intra-observer reliability ( 31 ). The absence of objective gait analysis methods (such as force plate or pressure sensitive walkway) before and after performing the FT can represent a lack of objective lameness measurements ( 32 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dog-related parameters on the flexion test outcome: A large cohort retrospective study on physiological and orthopedic pathological-related factors

et al. 2022

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ObjectivesThis retrospective study evaluates the dog-related factors of variation influencing the outcome of the flexion test (FT), when performed to localize pain to a joint area, on a large group of canine orthopedic patients.Materials and methodsThe selection criteria for this retrospective study were dogs undergoing a FT in a referral orthopedic clinic between 2009 and 2020 with a complete medical record. The canine FT, described in a previously published protocol, was performed on dogs presented with an orthopedic problem. In summary, a dog's joint, identified as suspected of an orthopedic problem according to the clinical examination, was flexed for 1 min before walking 15 m on a hard and even surface. The FT was considered positive if the lameness increased after the application of the FT and negative when it remained unchanged. Statistical analysis was performed to determine which of the following criteria could influence the outcome of the flexion test: age, gender, neutered status, weight category, tested joint and initial lameness score.ResultsOver 1,161 patients' files were collected and analyzed for this research. The FT showed 82.8% (95%IC: 80.5–84.9) of true positives and 17.2% of false negatives. None of the patient's intrinsic characteristics influenced the outcome of the test (age, gender, neutered status, and weight category). The orthopedic parameters, such as the initial lameness score and the tested joint, showed to have a statistically significant influence on the outcome of the test.Clinical relevanceThe FT is an easy-to-perform technique presenting reliable results on most joints. This test presents an interest when performed in addition to a complete orthopedic examination to localize pain to a joint area. Only the orthopedic pathological-related parameters such as the lameness score and the tested joint seem to influence the outcome of the FT. The FT is not influenced by the physiological-related characteristic of the patient (age, weight category, sex, and neutered status).

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“…Signalment data including age, gender, body weight, body condition score (BCS, 5-point system) and lameness score (numerical rating score) for all subject dogs were collected from the medical record. 10 11 This study was approved by the clinical research and trial ethics committee, Animal Medical Center of Nihon University (ANMEC-3–007). In the control group, all owners requested whole body screening for the purpose of a supplement to physical examination using CT without anaesthesia or sedation and consented to the collection of data for this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Hindlimb Deformity and Posture in Dogs with Grade 2 Medial Patellar Luxation during Awake Computed Tomography Imaging while Standing

Tomo

Edamura

Yamazaki

et al. 2021

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Objective The aim of this study was to determine the degree of bone deformities and hindlimb postural abnormalities in a standing position in awake Toy poodles with and without grade 2 medial patellar luxation (MPL) using high speed 320-row computed tomography (CT). Methods The limbs with grade 2 MPL (MPL-G2 group) and without any orthopaedic disorders (control group) were imaged in a standing position, without sedation or anaesthesia, using CT. In MPL-G2 group, images were obtained when the patella was luxated (G2-L group) and reduced (non-luxation, G2-NL group). Bone morphologies of the femur and tibia were quantified three-dimensionally. Hindlimb standing posture was evaluated by measuring femoral rotation and abduction angles, tibial rotation angle, metatarsal rotation angle, foot rotation angle, angle between the femoral anatomical axis and the mechanical axis of hindlimb and stifle joint line convergence angle. Results There were no significant differences in bone morphologic parameters between the MPL-G2 group (5 limbs) and the control group (6 limbs). In the G2-NL group, there were no significant hindlimb postural abnormalities. In contrast, in the G2-L group, significant hindlimb postural abnormalities including external rotation of femur, internal rotation of tibia and foot, external rotation of tarsal joint, large stifle joint convergence angle, genu varum and toe-in standing were observed. Conclusion Dogs with grade 2 MPL have no bone deformities but show abnormal standing posture when the patella is luxated.

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Influence of orthopedic examination on lameness scores and interobserver and intraobserver agreement in dogs with naturally occurring elbow osteoarthritis

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Lameness Localization in Dogs: An Exploratory Study of the Translation of the Equine Flexion Test to Canine Orthopaedics

Lameness Localization in Dogs: An Exploratory Study of the Translation of the Equine Flexion Test to Canine Orthopaedics

Effect of dog-related parameters on the flexion test outcome: A large cohort retrospective study on physiological and orthopedic pathological-related factors

Evaluation of Hindlimb Deformity and Posture in Dogs with Grade 2 Medial Patellar Luxation during Awake Computed Tomography Imaging while Standing

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