Influence of organic, colloidal and combined fouling on NF rejection of NaCl and carbamazepine: Role of solute–foulant–membrane interactions and cake-enhanced concentration polarisation

Forward Osmosis as a Pre-Treatment Step for Seawater Dilution and Wastewater Reclamation

“…Surface zeta potentials were then derived from the measured streaming potentials according to the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation (Eq. 5) [93]. The presented data are average values of three different samples of each membrane type.…”

Unraveling flux behavior of superhydrophilic loose nanofiltration membranes during textile wastewater treatment

“…One plausible mechanism is 'cake-enhanced concentration polarization', originally proposed by Hoek and Elimelech [42]. The formation of an unstirred cake layer of foulant may promote concentration polarization in the porous cake layer and lead to an increase of the osmotic pressure difference and a significant flux decline [42][43][44][45][46][47]. Furthermore, the increased salt concentration (thus higher ionic strength) weakens the electrostatic repulsive force between foulant-foulant and foulant-membrane [12].…”

Performance of nanofiltration membrane in rejecting trace organic compounds: Experiment and model prediction

“…The TOrCs were dissolved in a 10 mmol/L NaCl solution to simplify the modeling work, although previous studies showed that the natural organic matter, colloidal particles, and cations in water could have substantial effects on NF rejection of TOrCs, which could either act as adsorbents for neutral TOrCs [25,26] or change the membrane surface properties by fouling the membrane [27][28][29]. Table 1 lists the molecular weight, the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (logP), the n-octanol/water distribution coefficient (logD) and the expected molecular charge at neutral pH for each TOrC.…”