Influence of operating conditions on the rejection of cobalt and lead ions in aqueous solutions by a nanofiltration polyamide membrane

Influence of ion interaction on lead removal by a polyamide nanofiltration membrane

“…The sequence of interfering cations on reducing lead ion rejections was Cu 2+ N Zn 2+ N Cd 2+ . This difference for cations with equal valence is related to the hydration energies of cations, their hydrated radii [20,38,41,43] and the diffusivities of ions [19,36]. It seems that hydration energy of cations is an important factor here.…”

“…Nanofiltration (NF) technology has been used to treat lead containing wastewaters. In this method, the rejection of lead ion can be high enough to achieve acceptable quality for the filtered water [17][18][19][20]. Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration process that stands between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis in which the separation characteristics are based on the sieving effect and membrane surface charge, though the NF membranes have been modified in many commercial applications [21].…”

“…However, in the real industrial wastewaters, there is a mixture of several heavy metals in which the interfering cations can influence on the desired cation removal. Nevertheless, there are a few studies dealing with lead ion removal in the mixtures consisted of interfering cations [19,20,26]. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one study about the effect of anions nature on the lead ion rejection and permeate flux that is related to lead ion removal in the presence of a single salt [27].…”

Evaluation of the steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion model on the basis of salt rejection rate and membrane potential measurements

“…For a single-salt solution, the intrinsic rejection rate is related to the observed rejection rate (which corresponds to an experimentally measured value and depends on the concentration polarization phenomenon) as [60] …”

Immobilization of the Thenoyltrifluoroacetone on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles for Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Pb (II) from Water Samples

“…Thus, continuous exposure to even very low amounts of Pb can be adverse, especially to infants and children. Hence it is very urgent to monitor the trace levels of mentioned element in the environment [7,[8][9][10][11][12][13]. The lower limit of Pb(II) concentration in natural water systems according to the World Health Organization (WHO) is enunciated as 10 mg L -1…”