Influence of Negative Cognition on the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in Patients With Major Depression

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of negative cognition on PBI score before and after treatment for depression. Forty major depressive disorder outpatients were assessed with the PBI scale and Structured Interview Guide for Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (SIGH-D) at the time of the first medical examination (baseline) and 8 weeks later. The SIGH-D scores decreased by about 50% from baseline to 8 weeks, but there was no significant change in the PBI scores of the depressed outpatients from baseline to 8 weeks. Analysis of covariance with the SIGH-D scores as covariate was conducted for PBI scores between baseline and 8 weeks to remove effects of MDD. No significant differences were found on any of the PBI scales. Even though the therapeutic values on the SIGH-D of the depressed patients indicated that depressive symptoms were reduced by about 50%, depression level did not influence the PBI scores. This study provides evidence for the stability of parental representations throughout treatment, as measured by the PBI.

Hikikomori : Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives

“…In addition, psychiatric diagnostic interviews based on the DSM‐5/ICD‐11 should be conducted due to high comorbidity of psychiatric disorders, and those under the threshold levels should also be evaluated. Psychometrics, especially to grasp personality, attachment, and Internet addiction tendency, are recommended . To assess behavioral characteristics, economic games, especially trust games, can evaluate unconscious decision‐making and consequently estimate interpersonal relationships .…”

“…Psychometrics, especially to grasp personality, attachment, and Internet addiction tendency, are recommended. [121][122][123][124][125] To assess behavioral characteristics, economic games, especially trust games, can evaluate unconscious decision-making and consequently estimate interpersonal relationships. 126 Biological assessments, including blood tests, and brain functional analysis, such as electroencephalography, may help to understand the biological bases of hikikomori.…”

Review of Common Parenting Assessment Instruments in China

“…Wilhelm et al (2005); Murphy et al (2010) revealed that PBI had a 20-year stability, little influenced by gender, mood state and life experience. And Nitta et al (2008) 2012), and patients with schizophrenia (Kazarian et al, 1987;Favaretto et al, 2001). Now, PBI has been widely used all over the world for many years.…”