Influence of molecular exchange on the enclosed water volume fraction of W/O/W double emulsions as determined by low-resolution NMR diffusometry and T2-relaxometry

Fat crystals: A tool to inhibit molecular transport in W/O/W double emulsions

“…Herewith, γ is the gyromagnetic ratio of the protons (2.675 × 10 8 s −1 T −1 ), D is the water diffusion coefficient, and I 0 is the signal intensity without gradient pulse. For a schematic outline of the pulsed gradient stimulated echo pulse sequence, we refer to Vermeir et al In such a typical diffusion experiment, the translational molecular water displacement is probed during a characteristic observation time, that is, the Δ‐value.…”

“…The enclosed water volume (EV) is defined as the fraction of the total water that is present as internal water. Given a constant Δ and δ and a varying G, a simple biexponential fit (Equation ) to the experimental echo attenuation generates a good approximation of the EV, assuming a monodisperse water droplet size distribution. In the event of water transport between the internal and external water phase (i.e., extradroplet water exchange) in W/O/W double emulsions, the attenuated diffusion curve depends on the applied Δ‐value, which renders apparent EV values.…”

“…Taking into account that oil molecules significantly experience restricted diffusion due to a fat crystal network with a minimal solid fat content (SFC) of 50%, it seems reasonable to assume that water and solute molecules will experience comparable SFC‐dependent restrictions on diffusion when travelling through the fat phase. In case of bulk crystallization in the oil phase of an osmotically balanced W/O/W double emulsion, an increasing SFC has been noted to reduce the release rate of encapsulated marker compounds and to reduce the water exchange kinetics between the water compartments . Herzi and Essafi recently demonstrated that the release of magnesium ions was dependent on the SFC provided that the oil phase of the W/O/W globule consisted of a continuous crystal network.…”

Influence of the NMR receiver gain on the enclosed water volume fraction of W/O/W double emulsions as determined by low‐resolution NMR diffusometry and T2 relaxometry

“…The CPMG experiments enable the determination of the EV of W/O/W emulsions upon addition of a paramagnetic marker, considering the slow relaxation modes of the T 2 distribution of a reference sample and the double emulsion in the presence of MnCl 2 (i.e. W/O/W m ) (Eqn ) …”

A Handheld High-Sensitivity Micro-NMR CMOS Platform With B-Field Stabilization for Multi-Type Biological/Chemical Assays

“…II). Moreover, this micro-NNR platform includes a thermal module, which is an added feature to explore the thermal profile of the samples and opens up a broad range of possibilities for onchip thermal analysis [46], [47]. Yet, due to the large sensing coil, the implementation of microarray for multiplex sensing is unfeasible.…”