Influence of Moderate Haemodilution with Fluosol or Normal Saline on Carbaryl Disposition in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Abstract

In rats carbaryl undergoes extensive biotransformation involving both albumin-mediated hydrolysis and cytochrome P-450-mediated metabolism; studies have suggested that approximately one-half of a carbaryl dose is hydrolysed and one-half is metabolized. Fluosol is known to be an inducer of cytochrome P-450, and Fluosol haemodilution reduces plasma albumin concentrations. The disposition of carbaryl was, therefore, determined in rats for 72 h after 40 mL kg-1 haemodilution with Fluosol or normal saline (0.9% NaCl). Volumes of distribution were significantly reduced after saline haemodilution for 72 h but only at 48 h after Fluosol haemodilution. Fluosol and saline haemodilution had little influence on carbaryl total body clearance (CL). These results indicate that both hepatic and non-hepatic clearance pathways were not influenced by the haemodiluents or the haemodilution procedure.

Volume replacement in trauma patients within the first 24 h and its impact on the interpretation of biochemical data

“…We have learned much about hemodilution effects from numerous animal studies that describe decreased Hct or hemoglobin values in relation to infused crystalloids or any other solution [14,15,16,17]. However, the drawback of most clinical studies is that they fail to report parameters that may provide information on the initial fluid replacement, blood and protein products included within the first 24 h following trauma.…”

Effect of acute hypervolemic hemodilution of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 on the EC50 of propofol at two clinical endpoints in patients

“…Hypervolemic hemodilution resulted in an augmentation of the blood volume, thereby increasing the flow of blood to the liver, and then consequently increasing the hepatic metabolism of propofol. By contrast, propofol reduces cardiac output and liver perfusion ( 16 , 17 ). Previous studies have indicated that, during the induction of anesthesia with propofol, liver blood flow is increased or remains unaltered ( 18 , 19 ).…”

Recent Advances in Perfluorocarbon-Based Delivery Systems for Cancer Theranostics

“…The oxygen solubility in PFC was first reported by Clark et al in 1966, and since then, various PFC-based oxygen carriers have been developed, several of which have even entered the clinical trial stage as blood substitutes and for other applications. , The earliest commercial PFC-based injectable O 2 -carrying product was Fluosol-DA (Green Cross Corp., Japan), which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989 for reducing tissue ischemia in high-risk transluminal coronary balloon angioplasty . After formulation upgradation, the second- and third-generation emulsions were approved for clinical trials . Unfortunately, the current research on PFC emulsions as artificial blood substitutes remains in the preclinical development stage due to a variety of challenges, such as those encountered in volunteer recruiting and the observed side effects, including thrombocytopenia, inflammatory reactions, etc. , Table presents an overview of the oxygen delivery systems based on PFCs that have, so far, been approved for commercialization and clinical trials.…”

“…8 After formulation upgradation, the second-and third-generation emulsions were approved for clinical trials. 9 Unfortunately, the current research on PFC emulsions as artificial blood substitutes remains in the preclinical development stage due to a variety of challenges, such as those encountered in volunteer recruiting and the observed side effects, including thrombocytopenia, inflammatory reactions, etc. 10,11 Table 1 presents an overview of the oxygen delivery systems based on PFCs that have, so far, been approved for commercialization and clinical trials.…”