Influence of microdamage on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia

Norman, Timothy L.; Yeni, Yener N.; Brown, Christopher U.; Wang, Z.

doi:10.1016/s8756-3282(98)00103-3

Cited by 93 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Modulus and strength degradation have been widely used as mechanical evidence of damage accumulation in bone (Burr et al, 1998;Carter et al, 1977;Jepsen and Davy, 1997;Zioupos and Currey, 1994;Schaffler et al, 1995;Norman et al, 1998;Schaffler et al, 1994;Vashishth et al, 2000). We found that the apparent modulus loss recovered with time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Damage, most often recognized by histological means as micro-scale linear microcracks (Zioupos and Currey, 1994;Schaffler et al, 1995;Norman et al, 1998) and diffuse damage (Schaffler et al, 1994;Vashishth et al, 2000), has long been recognized as a normally occurring phenomenon that is present in increasing quantities with aging and with increased loading. Increased in situ damage may contribute to an increased risk of fracture, particularly for the elderly or individuals with bone metabolic disease (Burr et al, 1997;Zioupos and Currey, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of recovery time and test conditions on viscoelastic measures of tensile damage in cortical bone

Joo

Jepsen

Davy

2007

Journal of Biomechanics

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Stiffness degradation and strength degradation are often measured to monitor and characterize the effects of damage accumulation in bone. Based on evidence that these properties could be affected by not only damage magnitude but also test conditions the present study investigated the effect of hold condition and recovery time on measures of tensile damage.Machined human femoral cortical bone specimens were subjected to tensile tests consisting of a predamage diagnostic loading cycle, a damage loading cycle and post-damage cycle. Controlled variables were recovery time (1, 10, 100 minutes) and hold condition (zero load or zero strain) after the damage cycle. Damage measures were calculated as the ratio of each post-damage cycle to the pre-damage value for loading modulus, secant modulus, unloading modulus stress relaxation and strain (stress) recovery at 1 minute post-diagnostic time.The damage cycle caused reductions in all measures and some measures varied with recovery time and hold condition. Apparent modulus degradation for both hold conditions decreased with recovery time. Stress relaxation was unaffected by recovery time for both hold conditions. Zero-strain hold conditions resulted in lower values for degradation of modulus and change of relaxation. Stress or strain recovery after the damage cycle was evident through 100 minutes, but 90% of the recovery occurred within 10 minutes. The results demonstrate that choice of test conditions can influence the apparent magnitude of damage effects. They also indicate that 10 minutes recovery time was sufficient to stabilize most measures of the damage state.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of recovery time and test conditions on viscoelastic measures of tensile damage in cortical bone

Joo

Jepsen

Davy

2007

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…The difference in shear fracture toughness between the femoral shaft and the tibia has been attributed to the microstructure of the bones, such as osteon area, osteon density, and osteon size, 33 and perhaps to microdamage. 37 More information on the load distribution of lower extremity bones would be very useful in explaining their differences in fracture toughness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture toughness is dependent on bone location?A study of the femoral neck, femoral shaft, and the tibial shaft

Brown¹,

Yeni²,

Norman³

2000

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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The fracture toughness of the right femoral neck, femoral shaft, and tibial shaft of matched cadaveric bones, ages 50 to 90 years, was compared. Results of this study indicate that tensile (G(Ic)) and shear (G(IIc)) fracture toughness vary depending on bone location. The femoral neck has the greatest resistance to crack initiation for both tension and shear loading while the femoral shaft has the least. The relationship between age and the fracture toughness of the femoral neck and shaft was investigated. G(c) of the femoral shaft significantly decreased with age for mode I and was nearly significant for mode II. Fracture toughness of the femoral neck did not change with age for the later decades of life. Implications of these findings are discussed.

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“…In the past, investigators have attempted to address this issue. For instance, experimental studies suggested that the micro-damage accumulation in bone play a significant role in its post-yield behavior (Akkus and Rimnac, 2001;Burr et al, 1997Burr et al, ,1998Forwood and Parker, 1989;Norman et al, 1998;Reilly and Currey, 1999;Timlin et al, 2000;Zioupos et al, 1994). Also, it has been shown that yielding of bone tissues coincides with the formation of diffuse damages (Zioupos et al, 1994), and microcracking may help sustain the toughness of bone (Vashishth et al, 2000(Vashishth et al, ,2003Zioupos, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, it has been shown that yielding of bone tissues coincides with the formation of diffuse damages (Zioupos et al, 1994), and microcracking may help sustain the toughness of bone (Vashishth et al, 2000(Vashishth et al, ,2003Zioupos, 2001). Similarly, microdamage accumulation may play a significant role in energy dissipation during fatigue failure or monotonic fracture of bone (Burr, 1993;Burr et al, 1997;Norman et al, 1998;Schaffler et al, 1995;Zioupos, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of microdamage formation using a mineral-collagen composite model of bone

Wang

Qian

2006

Journal of Biomechanics

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Age-related changes in bone quality are mainly manifested in the reduced toughness. Since the postyield deformation of bone is realized through microdamage formation (e.g., microcracking and diffuse damage), it is necessary to understand the mechanism of microdamage formation in bone in order to elucidate underlying mechanisms of age-related bone fractures. In this study, a twodimensional shear lag model was developed to predict stress concentration fields around an initial crack in a mineral-collagen composite. In this model, non-linear elasticity was assumed for the collagen phase, and linear elasticity for the mineral. Based on the pattern of the stress concentration fields, the condition for microdamage formation was discussed. The results of our analyses indicate that: (1) an initial crack formed in mineral phase may cause stress concentration in the adjacent mineral layers; (2) the pattern of stress concentration fields depends not only on the spatial but also mechanical properties of the collagen and mineral phases; (3) the pattern of the stress concentration fields could determine either coalescence or scattering of nano cracks around the initial crack.

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Influence of microdamage on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia

Cited by 93 publications

References 28 publications

The effect of recovery time and test conditions on viscoelastic measures of tensile damage in cortical bone

The effect of recovery time and test conditions on viscoelastic measures of tensile damage in cortical bone

Fracture toughness is dependent on bone location?A study of the femoral neck, femoral shaft, and the tibial shaft

Prediction of microdamage formation using a mineral-collagen composite model of bone

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