“…However, the industry still encounters several hurdles due to the continuous increase in the human population ( Alghirani et al, 2022 ). In an attempt to meet the rising demand for chicken meat and egg production, interminable studies such as the use of growth stimulants and antibiotics are being carried out to improve the health and productivity of layer hens ( Agustono et al, 2023 ). However, the recent depleting value for antibiotics as growth enhancers and bactericides in poultry has instigated the consideration of other alternatives ( Tajudeen et al, 2022 ).…”