Influence of marine, terrestrial and anthropogenic sources on ionic and metallic composition of rainwater at a suburban site (northwest coast of Spain)

Evidence of Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts on Rainwater Trace Metal Geochemistry in Central Mexico: A Statistical Approach

“…During the study period, the localities presented average metal concentrations in the order of (all values in mg/L), Tulancingo (2.54) > Pachuca (1.66) > Gustavo A. Madero (1.50) > Agua Blanca (1.42) > Molango (1.04) > Tula (0.85). Regional differences of metal concentrations are probably due to the variations in the influences of continental air masses, local transport, regional advection, and the solubility of trace metals in a particular region [4,13]. Zn was observed to be the most abundant metal in the present study (0.873 mg/L), which is consistent with results reported worldwide [67][68][69][70].…”

“…Rainwater chemistry is extremely variable, both geographically and temporally responding to atmospheric circulation patterns [1], possessing particulates from local or long-range transport [2,3]. Naturally, rainwater comprises sea salt and soil dust, while anthropogenic sources include gases and particles associated with traffic emissions, road dust resuspension, nonferrous metal production, fossil fuel combustion, and residential heating [4][5][6]. The chemical composition of rainwater clearly reflects the degree of air pollution in urban, rural, and industrial biomes [7].…”

A review on physicochemical and microbiological contamination of roof-harvested rainwater in urban areas

“…For instance, Ozeki et al (1995) and Moreda-Piñeiro et al (2014) found, for coastal rainwater, a Na + /Cl À ions ratio of 0.77 and 0.96, respectively.…”

Acid rain in a Mexican site on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico

“…The neutralization factor (NF), which involves the acid and base concentrations that are present for wet and dry atmospheric deposition (Balasubramanian et al, 2001;Rodhe et al, 2002;Moreda et al, 2014;Sosa et al, 2015), was calculated according to the following equation:…”