Influence of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) Particle Sizes on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and In Vivo Evaluation of Their Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) mushroom has received an enormous amount of attention as a dietary supplement due to its high nutritional values. The particle sizes of G. frondosa mushrooms were monitored by a classifying mill. β-Glucans are the bioactive component of the mushroom, and it was revealed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C-NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry. The biocompatibility of G. frondosa particles, as well as induced osteogenesis of hMSCs, was evaluated through WST-1 assay and alizarin staining (ARS) technique, respectively. Notably, enhanced cell viability was noted in the presence of G. frondosa. Significantly improved calcium deposition has observed from hMSCs with G. frondosa, suggesting to their mineralization potential. The expression of osteogenic related gene markers was examined in the presence of G. frondosa through real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. The upregulation of osteogenic gene markers in the presence of G. frondosa particles was indicating their superior osteogenic potential. Besides, G. frondosa also activated the secretion of various kinds of proteins from the hMSCs indicating their potential for tissue engineering applications. Enhanced secretion of different immunoglobulins was observed in rat serum in the presence of G. frondosa, further demonstrating their therapeutic nature. Therefore, G. frondosa is effective for enhanced osteogenesis and can be utilized as a natural, edible, and osteogenic agent.

Effects of GABA/β-glucan supplements on melatonin and serotonin content extracted from natural resources

“…No significant changes in the rats’ body weight were observed between the control and RB treated groups after 8 days of administration, indicating that RB has no adverse effects on the rats. No substantial change in body weight of the ICR rats was observed in the presence of mushroom as earlier reported by our groups [ 20 ]. The concentrations of serotonin and melatonin were measured in the rats’ blood serum by ELISA kit to monitor the roles of RBS supplements for sleep induction, and the results are shown in Fig 5B & 5C .…”

“…However, there is no significant enhancement in IgM production occurred in RBS treated rats groups vis-à-vis control, as observed in ( Fig 6C ) . It has been reported that mushroom can alter the IgA, IgG, and IgM production, and their levels were upregulated in mushroom treated conditions compared to the control [ 20 ]. Therefore, we evaluated the combined effects of RB and mushroom on the secretion of different kinds of Ig in this study.…”

“…Mushrooms are enriched sources of β -glucan. It has immunomodulatory potential, and this activity is profoundly affected by the structure and size of β -glucan [ 20 ]. Enhancement in GABA and β -glucan concentrations was observed in RBS supplements by increasing RB amounts in the mixture.…”

Ehrlich ascites carcinoma provokes renal toxicity and DNA injury in mice: Therapeutic impact of chitosan and maitake nanoparticles

“…Briefly, a small portion of nanoparticles were placed on copper grid and coated with carbon then subjected for SEM and TEM analysis (JSM‐IT100, JEOL, Japan). Furthermore, the prepared nanoparticles were elucidated by FTIR (PerkinElmer, UK), in the scanning range of 500–4000 cm −1 29 …”