Influence of Lipid Content in a Corn Oil Preparation on the Bioaccessibility of β‐Carotene: A Comparison of Low‐Fat and High‐Fat Samples

Abstract

Some individuals with fat maldigestion have compromised digestive systems, which causes the incomplete hydrolyzation of ingested lipids within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). We studied the influence of high-fat (20%) and low-fat (4%) contents on the bioaccessibility of a highly hydrophobic nutraceutical (β-carotene) through a simulated GIT model consisting of mouth, stomach, and small intestine phases. The low-fat and high-fat values were chosen to simulate low-fat and high-fat diets. The triglycerides in the low-fat system were fully digested, whereas those in the high-fat system were only partially digested, thereby mimicking the digestive systems of individuals who exhibit fat maldigestion. The carotenoids were initially solubilized within oil-in-water nanoemulsions prepared using a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20) as emulsifier and a long-chain triglyceride (corn oil) as the oil phase. After digestion, the total β-carotene concentration in the filtered micelle phase was much greater for the high-fat group (0.072 μg/mL) than for the low-fat group (0.032 μg/mL). Conversely, the β-carotene bioaccessibility of the high-fat group (39%) was much lower than that of the low-fat group (84%), which was attributed to a fraction of the carotenoids remaining in the nondigested lipid phase of the high-fat group. These results highlight the importance of delivering hydrophobic nutraceuticals in a form where the fat phase is fully digested.

Development of Next-Generation Nutritionally Fortified Plant-Based Milk Substitutes: Structural Design Principles

“…The bioavailability of hydrophobic bioactives also depends on the total amount of digestible oil inside a delivery system [97,100]. If there is too little oil present, then there are not enough mixed micelles generated to solubilize all of the hydrophobic bioactives present.…”

Antioxidant Activity in Supramolecular Carotenoid Complexes Favored by Nonpolar Environment and Disfavored by Hydrogen Bonding

“…Carotenoids can also be encapsulated into more traditional delivery systems like lipid-based nanocarriers [ 32 , 33 ]. The lipid-based nanocarriers include nanoemulsions [ 34 , 35 , 36 ], nanoliposomes [ 37 , 38 , 39 ], solid lipid nanoparticles [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], and nanostructured lipid carriers [ 43 , 44 , 45 ] ( Figure 2 ). A study by Tan and coauthors [ 38 ] found that the encapsulation of carotenoids in liposomes enhanced the antioxidant activity in different antioxidant models.…”

In vitro bioaccessibility of ergocalciferol in nanoemulsion‐based delivery system: the influence of food‐grade emulsifiers with different stabilising mechanisms

“…Thirdly, the presence of anionic free fatty acids generated from lipid digestion would also lead to a relatively high negative charge in the small intestinal phase. Similar trend in the ζ‐potential when the nanoemulsions moved from the stomach phase to the small intestinal phase was also reported by other authors (Zhang et al ., ; Xia et al ., ).…”

“…Ergocalciferol-loaded nanoemulsions prepared using different emulsifiers were subjected to an in vitro digestion model that simulated the mouth, stomach and small intestinal phases. The in vitro digestion model applied in our current study was based on those reported previously, with minor modifications (Qian et al, 2012;Xia et al, 2017).…”