Influence of Lamination Conditions of EVA Encapsulation on Photovoltaic Module Durability

Wu, Dan; Wessel, Patrick; Zhu, Jiang; Montiel-Chicharro, Daniel; Betts, Thomas R.; Mordvinkin, Anton; Gottschalg, Ralph

doi:10.3390/ma16216945

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 40 publications

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“…Additionally, it is also used in filled biocomposites or in cenosphere composites [ 44 , 45 ]. Its increasing use in specific applications [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] accounts for research interest in its degradation by the effect of aggressive acidic media [ 50 ] as well as its use within strong dielectric fields [ 51 ], for de-icing applications [ 35 ] or as an agent of the compatibilization of polymer blends [ 52 ]. More generally, there is also interest in the evolution of its electrical and anticorrosive properties [ 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Macroscopic Interpretation of the Correlation between Electrical Percolation and Mechanical Properties of Poly-(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate)/Zn Composites

Agrisuelas,

Balart,

García-Jareño

et al. 2024

Materials

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Elastic composites were prepared using a procedure involving hot plates and zinc powder that was directly dispersed into an EVA matrix. The correlation between the zinc content and the conductive properties of the material was studied via impedance spectroscopy, the thermal properties of the material were studied via differential calorimetry and the mechanical properties of the composites were studied via tensile strength curves, representing an important advancement in the characterization of this type of composite material. The composites’ tensile strength and elongation at break decrease with the addition of filler since zinc particles act as stress-concentrating centres, while the composites’ hardness and Young’s modulus increase because of an increase in the stiffness of the material. The AC perturbation across the EVA/Zn composites was characterized using an RC parallel equivalent circuit that allowed us to easily measure their resistivity (ρp) and permittivity (εp). The dependence of these electrical magnitudes on the zinc content is correlated with their mechanical properties across the characteristic time constant τp = ρp·εp of this equivalent circuit. The dependence of the mechanical and electrical magnitudes on the zinc content is consistent with the formation of percolation clusters. The addition of graphite particles increases their potential performance. Three possible mechanisms for the electrical transport of the ac-perturbation across the EVA/Zn composites have been identified. Chemical corrosion in acid media causes the loss of zinc surface particles, but their bulk physical properties practically remain constant.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Macroscopic Interpretation of the Correlation between Electrical Percolation and Mechanical Properties of Poly-(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate)/Zn Composites

Agrisuelas,

Balart,

García-Jareño

et al. 2024

Materials

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Crosslinking Behavior of Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Encapsulants in Dependence of the Additive Composition

Wendt,

Wessel,

Gottschalg

et al. 2024

Progress in Photovoltaics

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The three‐dimensional crosslinking of encapsulants in photovoltaic (PV) modules significantly defines their thermomechanical properties and is usually initiated using peroxides and crosslinking accelerators. However, it has been shown that excess peroxides lead to undesirable side reactions such as browning, which is directly linked to the PV module power losses. Therefore, the encapsulant formulation should be adjusted accordingly, on the one hand, keeping the peroxide concentration possibly low and, on the other hand, enabling a sufficiently high gel content (GC). This work investigates the basic interaction of the crosslinking peroxide Luperox TBEC and the crosslinking accelerator Perkalink 301 (TAIC) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), to address this issue. In addition, their reaction potential with the antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) is investigated. It is shown that stabilizing additives can have an influence on the peroxide crosslinking process, which can affect the resulting crosslinking state and require optimization of the lamination conditions. The additive content of commercial PV encapsulants is quantified using pyrolysis gas‐chromatography mass spectrometry (PY‐GCMS). Subsequently, a number of films with different TBEC and TAIC contents are produced, and their GC is analyzed as a function of the additive concentrations and lamination conditions. A range of formulations leading to a GC > 75% was identified which can be used as a guidance for encapsulant manufacturers.

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In situ growth of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of MXene by γ-ray irradiation to fabricate EVA composite: the improvement of flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties

Xu,

Li,

Wang

et al. 2024

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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A large amount of toxic smoke and heat generated by the combustion of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) poses a significant threat to human fire escape evacuation. This work aims to use γ-ray to prepare e-MXene@Ag hybrid flame-retardant materials by the method of in-situ reduction, and EVA composites are prepared by melt blending to reduce the smoke and toxic gases produced during combustion significantly. Compared with pure EVA, the total heat release, total smoke release, and the production rate of CO and CO2 produced by the combustion of EVA composite with 1wt% e-MXene@Ag1.0 decreased by 30.3%, 33.3%, 18.2%, and 20.1% respectively, while the content of residue increased by 907.4%. The fire hazard reduction of EVA composite materials was due to the physical barrier, catalytic carbonization and adsorption of the e-MXene@Ag1.0 hybrid. In addition, e-MXene@Ag1.0 can also further increase the mechanical properties of EVA composites due to its own "multi-contact point limit structure."

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Influence of Lamination Conditions of EVA Encapsulation on Photovoltaic Module Durability

Cited by 3 publications

References 40 publications

A Macroscopic Interpretation of the Correlation between Electrical Percolation and Mechanical Properties of Poly-(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate)/Zn Composites

A Macroscopic Interpretation of the Correlation between Electrical Percolation and Mechanical Properties of Poly-(Ethylene Vinyl Acetate)/Zn Composites

Crosslinking Behavior of Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Encapsulants in Dependence of the Additive Composition

In situ growth of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of MXene by γ-ray irradiation to fabricate EVA composite: the improvement of flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties

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