Influence of Internal Courtyards on the Energy Load and Hours of Illuminance in Row Houses in Toronto

Numerical evaluation of thermal comfort in traditional courtyards to develop new microclimate design in a hot and dry climate

“…This type of architecture has also been used by many ancient civilizations (Taleghani, Tenpierik, & van den Dobbelst, 2012) (Saljoughinejad & Rashidi Sharifabad, 2015) (Mohsen, 1979a). The central courtyards are used in order to have access to fresh air and daylight in extreme climates (Sharples & Bensalem, 2001) (Alvarez, Sanchez, & Molina, 1998) (Shao, Walker, & Woolliscroft, 1993) (Sadafi, Salleh, Chin Haw, & Jaafar, 2011) (Hopkinson, Galbraith, Petherbridge, & Longmore, 1966) (Acosta, Navarro, & Sendra, 2014) (Acosta, Navarro, & Sendra, 2013) (Vaisman & Horvat, 2015) (Michael, Heracleous, Thravalou, & Philokyprou, 2017). The validity of central courtyards as a way to reduce energy consumption in interior spaces is approved by several studies (Safarzadeh & Bahadori, 2005) (Taleghani, Tenpierik, & van den Dobbelst, 2014) (Yasa & Ok, 2014) (Muhaisen & Gadi, 2006b) (Zakaria, Kubota, & Chyee Toeb, 2015) (Al-Masri & Abu-Hijleh, 2012) (Manioglu & Koçlar Orala, 2015) .…”

Effect of Atrium Compare to Courtyard on Energy Demand and Daylight in Row Housed in Toronto

“…Figure 18 Courtyard configuration -1 (Vaisman, 2015) ............................................................................................... Figure 19 Courtyard configuration 2 (Vaisman, 2015) ................................................................................................ Table 1 Factors affecting the performance of row houses with Package A requirements and specified material for the wall assembly .. .............................................. Table 5 Construction assemblies .................................................................................................................................. Table 6 Base case input parameters ............................................................................................................................ 1.63 W/m2 and ac/h 0.74 ............................................................................ 1.32 W/m2 and ac/h 0.6 .............................................................................. Table 9 Courtyard 2 with Power density 1.63 W/m2 and ac/h 0.74 ............................................................................ 1.32 W/m2 and ac/h 0.6 ............................................................................ Table 11 Variables and indicators................................................................................................................................…”

“…There are about 179,100 row houses in Toronto and it comprises 9% of total housing stock of the city (CMHC, 2014). Although this percentage is not very high, with the increasing property price and lack of available land for housing construction, row house can be a suitable option to own a house with achieving energy efficiency and urban density (Vaisman, 2015). Nevertheless, one of the major problems of row house is associated with less exposed exterior wall for windows.…”

“…But this configuration is almost absent in new and retrofitted constructions (Vaisman, 2015). To address this issue, different transitional spaces have been identified to get natural light and air.…”

Effects of Building Microclimate on the Thermal Environment of Traditional Japanese Houses during Hot-Humid Summer

“…Traces of this type of semi-outdoor space can be found in major parts of the world, especially in hot regions [12]. Recent studies in the traditional courtyard houses show the performance of this space in different climates [3,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”