A computational thermodynamic approach to determining the phase-chemical composition of films formed on the surface of metals and alloys under laser oxidation in the normal atmosphere, depending on their bulk composition, laser exposure conditions, and composition of the atmosphere, is suggested. It is demonstrated for the example of a complex alloy (alloyed steel of Russian brand 12X18H10T) subjected to laser heating in air that, among the wide variety of different possible reactions of iron, nickel, or chromium with the components of air (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, its compounds, atmospheric moisture, etc), only strictly defined reactions can occur. First of all these are metal oxidation processes with the formation of an oxide film whose phase and chemical composition is determined by temperature and heating duration. Simulated results are confirmed by the experimental data provided by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy.