Influence of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Ventilatory Efficiency and Cycling Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia

Salazar-Martı́nez, Eduardo; Gatterer, Hannes; Burtscher, Martin; Orellana, José Naranjo; Santalla, Alfredo

doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00133

Cited by 24 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Since there was no significant difference in the extent of improvement in W max between the IMLET group and the ET group, the improvement in W max caused by the Hyperventilation helps maintain SaO 2 during intensive exercise even under normoxia among the subjects with exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia [33], implying that the gas exchange partly limits the VO 2peak . Some studies reported that IMT improved exercise performance related to enhanced ventilatory response [17,18]. Our result of the increasing V Emax under normoxia following IMLET is consistent with those of previous studies [24,27,34].…”

Section: Effect Of Imlet On Normoxic Exercisesupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has confirmed the improvement of respiratory muscle strength as a consequence of an increased cross-sectional area [14] in the diaphragm, thereby reducing respiratory muscle fatigue and dyspnoea after an exhaustive exercise [15,16]. Some studies reported that IMT improved exercise performance without any change in VO 2peak [17,18]. However, numerous studies have reported the effect of IMT by attempting to improve exercise performance [19][20][21][22][23][24], and the outcome of whether exercise performance is improved by IMT is controversial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training on peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory response during incremental exercise under normoxia and hypoxia

Ogawa

Nagao

Fujii

et al. 2020

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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Background: Although numerous studies have reported the effect of inspiratory muscle training for improving exercise performance, the outcome of whether exercise performance is improved by inspiratory muscle training is controversial. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training (IMLET) on peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak ), respiratory responses, and exercise performance under normoxic (N) and hypoxic (H) exercise conditions. We hypothesised that IMLET enhances respiratory muscle strength and improves respiratory response, thereby improving VO 2peak and work capacity under H condition.Methods: Sixteen university track runners (13 men and 3 women) were randomly assigned to the IMLET (n = 8) or exercise training (ET) group (n = 8). All subjects underwent 4 weeks of 20-min 60% VO 2peak cycling exercise training, thrice per week. IMLET loaded 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure during exercise. At pre-and post-training periods, subjects performed exhaustive incremental cycling under normoxic (N; 20.9 ± 0%) and hypoxic (H; 15.0 ± 0.1%) conditions.Results: Although maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) significantly increased after training in both groups, the extent of PImax increase was significantly higher in the IMLET group (from 102 ± 20 to 145 ± 26 cmH 2 O in IMLET; from 111 ± 23 to 127 ± 23 cmH 2 O in ET; P < 0.05). In both groups, VO 2peak and maximal work load (W max ) similarly increased both under N and H conditions after training (P < 0.05). Further, the extent of W max decrease under H condition was lower in the IMLET group at post-training test than at pre-training (from − 14.7 ± 2.2% to − 12.5 ± 1.7%; P < 0.05). Maximal minute ventilation in both N and H conditions increased after training than in the pretraining period.Conclusions: Our IMLET enhanced the respiratory muscle strength, and the decrease in work capacity under hypoxia was reduced regardless of the increase in VO 2peak .

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Section: Effect Of Imlet On Normoxic Exercisesupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training on peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory response during incremental exercise under normoxia and hypoxia

Ogawa

Nagao

Fujii

et al. 2020

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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“…Thus, the authors could not infer that the values obtained were MIP, as described in their study. The same error was observed in the study by Salazar-Martinez et al [3] (2017), who also evaluated IMS dynamically through the PowerBreathe K3 device, where they aimed to observe the influence of IMT on ventilatory efficiency and impact during cycling activity in normoxia and hypoxia. The authors also assumed that the dynamic measure of force was MIP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…In theory, the S-Index is able to support the inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and is becoming popular due to its easy applicability and low cost, since the same device is able to provide IMS and inspiratory muscle resistance evaluation, in addition to the IMT. Besides that, comparing to the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), a better adaptation of individuals to the evaluation was reported, since a more functional maneuver is performed, mimicking the physiological contraction of the inspiratory muscles [2,3] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concurrent Validity of the Static and Dynamic Measures of Inspiratory Muscle Strength: Comparison between Maximal Inspiratory Pressure and S-Index

Areias

Santiago

Teixeira

et al. 2020

Braz J Cardiovasc Surg

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Objective: To verify the concurrent validity between the inspiratory muscle strength (IMS) values obtained in static (maximal inspiratory pressure [MIP]) and dynamic (S-Index) assessments.Methods: Healthy individuals were submitted to two periods of evaluation: i) MIP, static maneuver to obtain IMS, determined by the Mueller's maneuver from residual volume (RV) until total lung capacity (TLC); ii) and S-Index, inspiration against open airway starting from RV until TLC. Both measures were performed by the same evaluator and the subjects received the same instructions. Isolated maneuvers with differences < 10% were considered as reproducible measures.Results: Data from 45 subjects (21 males) were analyzed and that showed statistical difference between MIP and S-Index values (133.5 ± 33.3 and 125.6 ± 32.2 in cmH2O, respectively), with P=0.014. Linear regression showed r 2 =0.54 and S-Index prediction formula = 39.8+(0.75×MIP). Pearson's correlation demonstrated a strong and significant association between the measures with r=0.74. The measurements showed good concordance evidenced by the Bland-Altman test.Conclusion: S-Index and MIP do not present similar values since they are evaluations of different events of the muscular contraction. However, they have a strong correlation and good agreement, which indicate that both are able to evaluate the IMS of healthy individuals.

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A flow resistive inspiratory muscle training mask worn during high-intensity interval training does not improve 5 km running time-trial performance

et al. 2020

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Purpose There is little evidence of the ergogenic effect of flow-resistive masks worn during exercise. We compared a flow-resistive face mask (MASK) worn during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) against pressure threshold loading inspiratory muscle training (IMT). Methods 23 participants (13 males) completed a 5 km time trial and six weeks of HIIT (3 sessions weekly). HIIT (n = 8) consisted of repeated work (2 min) at the speed equivalent to 95% $${\dot{\text{V}}}$$ V ˙ O2 peak with equal rest. Repetitions were incremental (six in weeks 1, 2 and 6, eight in weeks 3 and 4 and ten in week 5). Participants were allocated to one of three training groups. MASK (n = 8) wore a flow-resistive mask during all sessions. The IMT group (n = 8) completed 2 × 30 breaths daily at 50% maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax). A control group (CON, n = 7) completed HIIT only. Following HIIT, participants completed two 5 km time trials, the first matched identically to pre-intervention trial (ISO time), and a self-paced effort. Results Time trial performance was improved in all groups (MASK 3.1 ± 1.7%, IMT, 5.7 ± 1.5% and CON 2.6 ± 1.0%, p < 0.05). IMT improved greater than MASK and CON (p = 0.004). Post intervention, PImax and diaphragm thickness were improved in IMT only (32% and 9.5%, respectively, p = 0.003 and 0.024). Conclusion A flow-resistive mask worn during HIIT provides no benefit to 5 km performance when compared to HIIT only. Supplementing HIIT with IMT improves respiratory muscle strength, morphology and performance greater than HIIT alone.

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Influence of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Ventilatory Efficiency and Cycling Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia

Cited by 24 publications

References 39 publications

Effect of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training on peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory response during incremental exercise under normoxia and hypoxia

Effect of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training on peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory response during incremental exercise under normoxia and hypoxia

Concurrent Validity of the Static and Dynamic Measures of Inspiratory Muscle Strength: Comparison between Maximal Inspiratory Pressure and S-Index

A flow resistive inspiratory muscle training mask worn during high-intensity interval training does not improve 5 km running time-trial performance

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