Influence of inhibitory tagging (IT) on emotional and cognitive conflict processing: Evidence from event-related potentials

Linking tonic and phasic pupil responses to P300 amplitude in an emotional face‐word Stroop task

“…To investigate whether emotional congruency between facial expressions and emotional words affected behavioral and pupillary responses, we first analyzed manual responses. Similar to previous findings (Bayer et al, 2018;Guo et al, 2018;Hu et al, 2019;Li et al, 2020;Maier et al, 2016;Martínez-Fernández et al, 2018;Shen et al, 2013;Xue et al, 2016Xue et al, , 2017Zhao et al, 2017;Zhu et al, 2010;Zhu & Luo, 2012), we observed significantly Model 1:…”

Inhibitory Control of Emotional Interference in Deaf Children: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials and Event-Related Spectral Perturbation Analysis

“…The present study explored the emotional interference effect among deaf children. Behavioral results showed that the main effect of condition was significant not only for the accuracy data but also for the reaction time data, which indicated that in the presence of a conflict effect, the incongruent condition invested more resources than the congruent condition (28,29,59). In addition, it was also found that deaf children demonstrated significantly lower accuracy rate in emotional stroop task than hearing controls, which is consistent with previous findings that deaf children had difficulties in suppressing irrelevant information and suffered from deficient cognitive control mechanisms (4,5,50).…”

“…Accuracy ANOVA showed significant main effect of group on response accuracy (F 1,57 = 11.705, p = 0.002, η 2 = 0.163), with overall lower accuracy in deaf children compared to hearing controls (see Table 2), which indicated that deaf children had difficulties in suppressing irrelevant information and suffered from deficient cognitive control mechanisms (4,5,50). The main effect of condition was also significant (F 1,57 = 63.094, p = 0.000, η 2 = 0.525), with incongruent condition (0.872 ± 0.010) being significantly lower than congruent condition (0.927 ± 0.009), which indicated that in the presence of a conflict effect, the incongruent condition invested more cognitive resources than the congruent condition (28,29,59).…”

“…According to the above evidence analysis (2-4, 9, 10, 20, 23-26), we can know that emotional and inhibitory control disorders both exist in deaf children, and the activation brain regions of cognitive and emotional networks are highly overlapped. Therefore, the present study combined two aspects and employed the face-word emotional stroop task to investigate the emotional inhibitory control of deaf children (27)(28)(29). In this task, "happy" and "fear" words with red color are superimposed across facial expressions of happy and fear, conflict effects occur when emotional words and facial expressions are incongruent, which has been widely used to examine the inhibitory control of emotional interference (28,29).…”

“…Therefore, the present study combined two aspects and employed the face-word emotional stroop task to investigate the emotional inhibitory control of deaf children (27)(28)(29). In this task, "happy" and "fear" words with red color are superimposed across facial expressions of happy and fear, conflict effects occur when emotional words and facial expressions are incongruent, which has been widely used to examine the inhibitory control of emotional interference (28,29). Previous studies have observed two important ERP components that were related to emotional interference control processing: N1 and N450 (28,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39).…”