2019
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00412
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Influence of in Vitro Assay Setup on the Apparent Cytotoxic Potency of Benzalkonium Chlorides

Abstract: The nominal concentration is generally used to express concentration–effect relationships in in vitro toxicity assays. However, the nominal concentration does not necessarily represent the exposure concentration responsible for the observed effect. Surfactants accumulate at interphases and likely sorb to in vitro system components such as serum protein and well plate plastic. The extent of sorption and the consequences of this sorption on in vitro readouts is largely unknown for these chemicals. The aim of thi… Show more

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Cited by 27 publications
(37 citation statements)
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“…Similar calculations for T14, P16, S16, T16, T18, Q14, DDAC, and C 12‐16 ‐benzalkonium yield BCF baseline estimates that exceed empirical BCFs and BAFs by factors of 3.1, 70, 49, 42, 128, 33, 420, and 420, respectively. These lower‐than‐predicted empirical BCFs and BAFs may be due to problems with the measurements themselves, including issues associated with field sampling, such as the movements of sampled animals and overestimated bioavailability of aqueous chemical concentrations (Chen et al, 2014; Groothuis et al, 2019). Limitations on diffusive flux of permanently charged QACs across fish gills also may prolong the time to steady state or prevent systemic uptake entirely (Kierkegaard et al, 2020).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Similar calculations for T14, P16, S16, T16, T18, Q14, DDAC, and C 12‐16 ‐benzalkonium yield BCF baseline estimates that exceed empirical BCFs and BAFs by factors of 3.1, 70, 49, 42, 128, 33, 420, and 420, respectively. These lower‐than‐predicted empirical BCFs and BAFs may be due to problems with the measurements themselves, including issues associated with field sampling, such as the movements of sampled animals and overestimated bioavailability of aqueous chemical concentrations (Chen et al, 2014; Groothuis et al, 2019). Limitations on diffusive flux of permanently charged QACs across fish gills also may prolong the time to steady state or prevent systemic uptake entirely (Kierkegaard et al, 2020).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, EC200 and CV75 were highly correlated with methacrylate esters (Figure 1). It has been reported that alkyl chain length can correlate with cytotoxicity of chemicals based on data with benzalkonium chloride with various alkyl chain length (Groothuis et al, 2019). From this information, the positive response of h‐CLAT in this study may be influenced by cytotoxicity derived from alkyl chain length of methacrylate esters.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Non-specific migration to plastics and binding to media constituents (for example, serum proteins, lipids) have been documented, and test chemicals may evaporate, degrade, or be metabolized. All these factors can result in an underestimation of potency [ 121 ]. This information can be obtained by measuring chemical distribution in different tissue compartments or by mathematical model predictions.…”
Section: Applications Of Ivive Approachesmentioning
confidence: 99%