Influence of Hysteresis on Tensile and Fatigue Failure in Rubbers

Payne, A. R.; Whittaker, R. E.

doi:10.5254/1.3542885

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…76 Relationships between hysteresis and fatigue properties have been observed by many researchers. [77][78][79][80][81][82][83] Lake and Thomas 84 have suggested that if a material exhibits no hysteresis whatsoever, only sudden fracture is possible. Further, hysteresis controls the sensitivity of the crack growth rate with respect to tear energy: the higher the hysteresis, the lower the slope (power-law exponent) of the energy release rate-crack growth relationship.…”

Section: Constitutive Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors that Affect the Fatigue Life of Rubber: A Literature Survey

Mars

Fatemi

2004

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

273

211

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Many factors are known to influence the mechanical fatigue life of rubber components. Four major categories of factors are reviewed here: the effects of mechanical loading history, environmental effects, effects of rubber formulation, and effects due to dissipative aspects of the constitutive response of rubber. For each category, primary factors are described, and existing literature is presented and reviewed. Rubber's fatigue behavior is extremely sensitive to both the maximum and minimum cyclic load limits. Other aspects of the mechanical load history are also discussed, including the effects of static loaded periods (“annealing”), load sequence, multiaxiality, frequency, and loading waveform. Environmental factors can affect both the short and long term fatigue behavior of rubber. The effects of temperature, oxygen, ozone, and static electrical charges are reviewed. A great range of behavior is available by proper manipulation of formulation and processing variables. Effects of elastomer type, filler type and volume fraction, antidegradants, curatives, and vulcanization are discussed. The role of dissipative constitutive behavior in the improvement of fatigue properties of rubber is also reviewed. Four distinct dissipative mechanisms are identified, and their effects on fatigue behavior are described.

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Section: Constitutive Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors that Affect the Fatigue Life of Rubber: A Literature Survey

Mars

Fatemi

2004

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

273

211

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“…Nowadays, the M-L distribution has been applied as a novelty statistical tool to describe non-exponential statistical phenomena in diverse fields [ 18 , 19 ], such as bridge fatigue life assessment [ 12 ] and modeling of an anomalous diffusion with hereditary effects for the importance of the M-L function in the fractional calculus [ 20 , 21 ]. We choose the M-L distribution as a tool to describe the distribution of fatigue data, since it has an apparent hereditary effect and power decay or heavy-tailed traits [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Entropy Method Applied for the Fatigue Life Distribution of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites

Yuan

Liang

2021

Entropy

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This paper verifies the feasibility of the relative entropy method in selecting the most suitable statistical distribution for the experimental data, which do not follow an exponential distribution. The efficiency of the relative entropy method is tested through the fractional order moment and the logarithmic moment in terms of the experimental data of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with different stress amplitudes. For better usage of the relative entropy method, the efficient range of its application is also studied. The application results show that the relative entropy method is not very fit for choosing the proper distribution for non-exponential random data when the heavy tail trait of the experimental data is emphasized. It is not consistent with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test but is consistent with the residual sum of squares in the least squares method whenever it is calculated by the fractional moment or the logarithmic moment. Under different stress amplitudes, the relative entropy method has different performances.

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Effect of holding time on high strain hysteresis loss of carbon black filled rubber vulcanizates

Kar

Bhowmick

1998

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Rubber Technology Centre Z n d i a n Znstitute of Technology Khar-agpur 721302, Z n d i aHysteresis loss has been measured at constant stress and constant strain, at various holding times under tensile deformation of natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates filled with various loadings of carbon black filler. The effects of temperatures (25°C to 150"C), strain rates (3.78 X sec-' to 210 X sec-l) and strain levels (20% to 300%) have been studied. Hysteresis loss and hysteresis loss ratio increase with an increase in strain rate, filler loading, strain level and holding time. It decreases with an increase of temperature. However, higher hysteresis loss and hysteresis loss ratio are observed at constant stress than at constant strain. NR and SBR vulcanizates show similar behavior. Evidence has been produced for the existence of a distinct relaxation process that occurs within first 120 seconds of holding time at room temperature, This process becomes less important as the strain or the temperature is increased. However, at high temperature another distinct relaxation process has been observed. The activation energy has been found to be 66.3 kJ/mole for the rates at the higher holding time, while it has been found to be 17.3 kJ/mole for the rates at the lower holding time using the data of hysteresis loss at first cycle of 40 phr black fUed NR vulcanizates.(6-PPD), N-cyclohexyl thiophthaljmide (PVI) and 2-(4morpholinyl mereapto)-benzthiazole (BSM) were supplied by ICI Ltd., Rishra.The ingredients were mixed with rubber on a two roll mill (15 X lo-, m X 33 X lo-, m, Schwabenthan, Germany) at a temperature of 50°C and a friction ratio 1:l.l.The curing characteristics of the mixes were evaluated from a Rheometer R-100 according to ASTM D-2084-93. The molding of the tensile sheets (-2 mm thick) was carried out at a temperature of 150°C, 4 Mpa pressure and optimum cure time (tso in minutes) using a David Bridge Press, Castleton, Rocchdle, England. Hysteresis loss and Hysteresis loss ratio:Hysteresis loss (Hy), defined as the amount of ener@ dissipated during cyclic deformation, was determined h m the areas W, (work done during extension) and W, (work done during retraction) when the specimens were stretched to varying extents and rates of elonga-tion and then allowed to retract at the same rate to the unstretched state

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Influence of Hysteresis on Tensile and Fatigue Failure in Rubbers

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Factors that Affect the Fatigue Life of Rubber: A Literature Survey

Factors that Affect the Fatigue Life of Rubber: A Literature Survey

Relative Entropy Method Applied for the Fatigue Life Distribution of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites

Effect of holding time on high strain hysteresis loss of carbon black filled rubber vulcanizates

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