Influence of Humidity on Contact Resistance in Graphene Devices

Quellmalz, Arne; Smith, Anderson David; Elgammal, Karim; Fan, Xuge; Delin, Anna; Östling, Mikael; Gylfason, Kristinn B.; Niklaus, Frank

doi:10.1021/acsami.8b10033

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…This is particularly important because even bare CNTs are well-known to have humidity-sensitive resistance. [56][57][58] Our results showed approximately linear drying rates for each substrate, as is expected for small volumes, [59,60] and drying times of 1-20 minutes for different substrates and volumes, as shown in SI Figure S10. Though not analyzed in detail here, we also observed the influence of the substrate on feature fidelity.…”

Section: Iiiv Ink-substrate Interactions For Impermeable Substratessupporting

confidence: 79%

Substrate‐Versatile Direct‐Write Printing of Carbon Nanotube‐Based Flexible Conductors, Circuits, and Sensors

Owens

Headrick

Williams

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Manufacturing of printed electronics relies on the deposition of conductive liquid inks, typically onto polymeric or paper substrates. Among available conductive fillers for use in electronic inks, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have high conductivity, low density, processability at low temperatures, and intrinsic mechanical flexibility. However, the electrical conductivity of printed CNT structures has been limited by CNT quality and concentration, and by the need for nonconductive modifiers to make the ink stable and extrudable. This study introduces a polymer-free, printable aqueous CNT ink, and, via an ambient direct-write printing process, presents the relationships between printing resolution, ink rheology, and ink-substrate interactions. A model is constructed to predict printed feature sizes on impermeable substrates based on Wenzel wetting. Printed lines have conductivity up to 10 000 S m −1 . The lines are flexible, with <5% change in DC resistance after 1000 bending cycles, and <3% change in DC resistance with a bending radius down to 1 mm. Demonstrations focus on i) conformality, via printing CNTs onto stickers that can be applied to curved surfaces, ii) interactivity using a CNT-based button printed onto folded paper structure, and iii) capacitive sensing of liquid wicking into the substrate itself. Facile integration of surface mount components on printed circuits is enabled by the intrinsic adhesion of the wet ink.

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Section: Iiiv Ink-substrate Interactions For Impermeable Substratessupporting

confidence: 79%

Substrate‐Versatile Direct‐Write Printing of Carbon Nanotube‐Based Flexible Conductors, Circuits, and Sensors

Owens

Headrick

Williams

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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“…In addition, the electrical resistance of 2D material membranes can be used to sense changes in temperature, strain, carrier concentration, or mobility that are induced by surface interactions (e.g., gas adhesion causes doping of the 2D material). It is important to note that the electrical resistance of 2D materials, especially graphene, is extremely sensitive to various environmental parameters, which means that parameters such as small changes in the air humidity [ 150 – 153 ], light [ 154 , 155 ], gases [ 119 , 151 , 152 , 156 ], or temperature can strongly affect the electronic properties of a 2D material. Thus, for reliable use as sensors, these cross-sensitivity effects either have to be eliminated, by shielding or packaging, or they should be corrected for based on a calibration curve that eliminates environmental changes using input from a temperature or humidity sensor or reference device that is integrated in the same system [ 6 , 25 ].…”

Section: Readout and Transduction Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoelectromechanical Sensors Based on Suspended 2D Materials

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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The unique properties and atomic thickness of two-dimensional (2D) materials enable smaller and better nanoelectromechanical sensors with novel functionalities. During the last decade, many studies have successfully shown the feasibility of using suspended membranes of 2D materials in pressure sensors, microphones, accelerometers, and mass and gas sensors. In this review, we explain the different sensing concepts and give an overview of the relevant material properties, fabrication routes, and device operation principles. Finally, we discuss sensor readout and integration methods and provide comparisons against the state of the art to show both the challenges and promises of 2D material-based nanoelectromechanical sensing.

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“…More detailed results about the drift in the contact and sheet resistances of the graphene sample were reported in Ref. [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-time drift induced changes in electrical characteristics of graphene–metal contacts

Sakavičius¹,

Agafonov²,

Bukauskas³

et al. 2020

Lith. J. Phys.

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Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) graphene is commonly recognized as promising 2D material for development of electronic devices. However, the long-term drift of electrical parameters still requires deeper understanding before the technological means can be selected for an individual type of the devices. In this work, the changes in the electrical resistance were investigated over long time in the planar samples based on the CVD graphene with Au and Ni contacts. The samples were arranged as arrays of the resistors on a silicon substrate covered with a 250 nm layer of thermally grown silicon dioxide. The annealing in pure argon gas flow at 573 K was used to return the electrical properties of samples to the initial state. The effects of drift and annealing were compared for the three parts of structures, namely the electrical contact, the graphene sheet and the edge of the metal film with a hanging graphene sheet. For these parts, the resistance changes were related to the strain and doping of supported and hanged parts of the graphene sheet. Raman spectroscopy and Kelvin force probe microscopy were used to characterize charge doping, strain and work function in the graphene. The drift was explained in terms of the most prominent changes in the doping, strain and work function detected within the edge zone of the contact. It was proved that the annealing significantly changed the p-type doping and work function in the graphene layer in this edge zone. The properties were almost independent of test conditions in the SiO2 supported graphene. The changes in the contact parameters produced by drift mechanisms were proved being reversible under proper annealing conditions.

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Influence of Humidity on Contact Resistance in Graphene Devices

Cited by 20 publications

References 51 publications

Substrate‐Versatile Direct‐Write Printing of Carbon Nanotube‐Based Flexible Conductors, Circuits, and Sensors

Substrate‐Versatile Direct‐Write Printing of Carbon Nanotube‐Based Flexible Conductors, Circuits, and Sensors

Nanoelectromechanical Sensors Based on Suspended 2D Materials

Long-time drift induced changes in electrical characteristics of graphene–metal contacts

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