Influence of HIV Infection on Vitamin Status and Requirements^a

Plasma antioxidant capacity of HIV-seropositive and healthy subjects during long-term ingestion of fruit juices or a fruit–vegetable-concentrate containing antioxidant polyphenols

“…Enhanced oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant micronutrient concentrations have been documented in HIVinfected populations (Pace & Leaf 1995;Baum et al, 1992). Oxidative stress is discussed as an important factor for HIV disease progression and the development of AIDS (Israel & Gougerot-Pocidalo, 1997; Baruchel & Wainberg, Figure 2 Daily intake of quercetin and antioxidant vitamins before and during supplementation of fruit juices or fruit -vegetable-concentrate in HIVinfected and healthy subjects.…”

“…This fact is due to an insufficient supply of antioxidants because of gastrointestinal disorders (Baum et al, 1992;Pace & Leaf, 1995) and an increased production of reactive oxygen species by the chronically activated immune system (Roederer et al, 1992;Israel & Gougerot-Pocidalo, 1997). Oxidative stress might influence disease progression because it contributes to viral activation and replication as well as CD4 þ cell depletion (Baruchel & Wainberg, 1992;Pace & Leaf, 1995;Israel & Gougerot-Pocidalo, 1997).…”

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“…53 Several authors have reported that most HIV infected persons consume less than the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of several micronutrients. [53][54][55] The RDA is the quantity of a nutrient that is regarded as adequate to meet the nutrient needs of a healthy individual. Studies have shown that micronutrient intake at the level of the RDA may be insufficient for HIV infected adults.…”

“…Studies have shown that micronutrient intake at the level of the RDA may be insufficient for HIV infected adults. 54,55 Some have reported that micronutrient deficiencies were common even among HIV-infected subjects on anti-retroviral drugs. 56,57 Low serum micronutrient levels, consistent with deficiency have been reported among HIV-infected subjects in Ethiopia 57 pregnant women in Malawi, 57,58 and in children in Uganda.…”

Micronutrients and HIV infection: a review

“…In contrast, a large number of studies even in populations in af¯uent countries document that HIV infected individuals, despite high dietary and supplemental intakes of micronutrients, often have low serum concentrations of vitamins A, B 6 , B 12 , C, E, and folate and carotenoids, as well as selenium, zinc and magnesium (Bogden et al, 1990;Beach et al, 1992;Coodley et al, 1993;Baum et al, 1994;Sappey et al, 1994;Delmas Beauvieux et al, 1996;Lacey et al, 1996;Skurnick et al, 1996). Although the metabolic response to infection may contribute to the low serum concentrations for some micronutrients, there is no doubt that the`intake of nutrients at levels recommended for the general population does not appear to be adequate for HIV-1 infected patients' as concluded by Baum et al (1995).…”