Influence of heat treatment on the size of sodium lignosulfonate particles in water—ethanol media

CO2-Assisted Sugar Cane Gasification Using Transition Metal Catalysis: An Impact of Metal Loading on the Catalytic Behavior

“…It can be seen that iron atoms have a slightly larger size, while Co and Ni have nearly the same radii. On the other hand, the role of metal sites in carbon–carbon bond activation is also proposed [ 41 ].…”

“…A Bronkhorst EL-FLOW SELECT F-111B (Leonhardsbuch, Germany) gas flow controller was used to control the gas flow rate. The material loading was 1 g. Although natural industrial material particles can be different sizes [ 41 ], here the particle size was chosen to be 0.5–1 mm. The reaction gas products were analysed using a Chromatek Crystal 5000 (Yoshkar-Ola, Russia) gas chromatograph with thermal conductivity detectors, M ss316 3 m × 2 mm columns, Hayesep Q 80/100 mesh, and CaA molecular sieves.…”

“…The main efforts in catalytic processes development in the carbon wastes utilisation are focused on the following groups: alkali metals (for example, [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]), alkali–earth metals [ 30 , 31 , 32 ], and transition metals [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Different natural and synthetic materials have been tested as carriers for the catalyst for carbon waste utilisation, for example, dolomite [ 44 ], olivine [ 45 , 46 ], or MgO [ 47 ], etc., but the main research is focused on the systems with metals directly deposited on the gasified (or pyrolyzed) material such as rice husk, etc., for example [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”