Influence of H-D isotopic substitution on the protonic conductivity of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">LiNbO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>

Klauer, S.; Wöhlecke, M.; Kapphan, S.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.45.2786

Cited by 130 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…(8), (32), and (35) and, importantly, is inversely proportional to the density of the conducting ions. It is well established 19,25 that the ionic conductivity in as-grown and hydrogen-doped LiNbO 3 crystals is predominantly due to the H ϩ ions. Hydrogen normally is located in the oxygen planes along the O-O bond, and its relative contents can be evaluated therefore as the strength (peak or integral) of the OH Ϫ stretching vibration absorption line near 2.87 m. 26 Vormann et al 19 showed unambiguously that in as-grown and H ϩ -doped crystals the ionic conductivity is due to hydrogen and deduced the activation energy of E a ϭ 1.2 eV for its migration.…”

Section: Experiments a General Remarks On Hologram Fixing And Ionic mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Holographic storage dynamics in lithium niobate: theory and experiment

Yariv

Orlov

Rakuljic³

1996

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present a theoretical model that describes holographic ionic fixing and storage dynamics in photorefractive crystals. Holographic gratings that are based on charge redistribution inevitably decay because of ionic and electronic conduction. Relevant decay rates and transient hologram field expressions are derived. Ionic gratings are partially screened by trapped electrons on readout. The lifetimes of fixed ionic holograms are limited by the finite ionic conductivity at low (i.e., room) temperatures. Only under certain and restricted conditions can these decay times be acceptably long. A significant increase in fixed ionic hologram lifetime is realized in lithium niobate with a low hydrogen-impurity content. The residual ionic conductivity (decay-time constant) in these samples exhibits ϳ1.4-eV activation energy and is not due to protonic conduction. Fixed hologram lifetimes of ϳ2 years at room temperature in dehydrated lithium niobate crystals are projected.

show abstract

Section: Experiments a General Remarks On Hologram Fixing And Ionic mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dynamic electronic compensation resulted in a stabilized space-charge field (hologram) as given by Eq. (25). This field proceeds to decay to zero because of the ionic transport that erases the ionic backbone charge n i1 .…”

Section: Short Circuitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holographic storage dynamics in lithium niobate: theory and experiment

Yariv

Orlov

Rakuljic³

1996

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The experimental data have usually been analyzed by employing simplified, phenomenological models 58,[166][167][168] with only rare attempts 169 to analyse and supplement them by first principles theoretical calculations. Some information on dynamics and kinetics, i.e., activation barrier height and rate constants, has been deduced from analysing the temperature dependent of ionic conductivity 170 and IR spectra 64 as well as holographic scattering, 171 while 1 H NMR measurements have been employed to find the location of protons within the crystal lattice. [172][173][174] To model a stoichiometric LiNbO 3 crystal, a supercell composed of 2 Â 2 Â 2 hexagonal unit cells (240 atoms) along with periodic boundary conditions has been employed.…”

Section: Oh 2 Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, defect structure, and THz application of stoichiometric lithium niobate

Lengyel

Péter

Kovács

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Reviews

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Owing to the extraordinary richness of its physical properties, congruent lithium niobate has attracted multidecade-long interest both for fundamental science and applications. The combination of ferro-, pyro-, and piezoelectric properties with large electro-optic, acousto-optic, and photoelastic coefficients as well as the strong photorefractive and photovoltaic effects offers a great potential for applications in modern optics. To provide powerful optical components in high energy laser applications, tailoring of key material parameters, especially stoichiometry, is required. This paper reviews the state of the art of growing large stoichiometric LiNbO 3 (sLN) crystals, in particular, the defect engineering of pure and doped sLN with emphasis on optical damage resistant (ODR) dopants (e.g., Mg, Zn, In, Sc, Hf, Zr, Sn). The discussion is focused on crystals grown by the high temperature top seeded solution growth (HTTSSG) technique using alkali oxide fluxing agents. Based on high-temperature phase equilibria studies of the Li 2 O-Nb 2 O 5 -X 2 O ternary systems (X ¼ Na, K, Rb, Cs), the impact of alkali homologue additives on the stoichiometry of the lithium niobate phase will be analyzed, together with a summary of the ultraviolet, infrared, and far-infrared absorption spectroscopic methods developed to characterize the composition of the crystals. It will be shown that using HTTSSG from K 2 O containing flux, crystals closest to the stoichiometric composition can be grown characterized by a UV-edge position of at about 302 nm and a single narrow hydroxyl band in the IR with a linewidth of less than 3 cm À1 at 300 K. The threshold concentrations for ODR dopants depend on crystal stoichiometry and the valence of the dopants; Raman spectra, hydroxyl vibration spectra, and Z-scan measurements prove to be useful to distinguish crystals below and above the photorefractive threshold. Crystals just above the threshold are preferred for most nonlinear optical applications apart holography and have the additional advantage to minimize the absorption even in the far-infrared (THz) range. The review also provides a discussion on the progress made in the characterization of non-stoichiometry related intrinsic and extrinsic defect structures in doped LN crystals, with emphasis on ODR-ion-doped and/or closely stoichiometric systems, based on both spectroscopic measurements and theoretical modelling, including the results of first principles quantum mechanical calculations on hydroxyl defects. It will also be shown that new perspective applications, e.g., the generation of high energy THz pulses with energies on the tens-of-mJ scale, are feasible with ODR-doped sLN crystals if optimal conditions, including the contact grating technique, are applied. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

show abstract

“…If we calculate the OH − concentration using the measured absorption intensity and the ␣ OH value for LN ͑ϳ9.125ϫ 10 −18 cm͒ derived by Klauer et al, 7 the OH − contents incorporated into LN crystals are in the order of 10 18 cm −3 . This value is at least two orders of magnitude lower than the intrinsic defect density of CLN ͑about 3 mol %͒.…”

Section: Issues (1) and (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%