Influence of Gender on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Referred to a Psychiatric Clinic

Biederman, Joseph; Mick, Eric; Faraone, Stephen V.; Braaten, Ellen B.; Doyle, Alysa E.; Spencer, Thomas; Wilens, Timothy E.; Frazier, Elizabeth; Johnson, Mary Ann

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.36

Cited by 687 publications

(501 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In the subset of these participants with known IQ>80, this proportion was 8/21 (38%). The rate of anxiety disorders in children with ADHD, IQ>80, and no epilepsy has been reported by Biederman et al as 30% in a sample of 280 children [11]. Eleven participants in the present study had ODD (31%).…”

Section: Comorbid Psychiatric Disorderssupporting

confidence: 64%

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Psychiatric disorders and behavioral characteristics of pediatric patients with both epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Gonzalez–Heydrich

Dodds

Whitney

et al. 2007

Epilepsy & Behavior

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Background-ADHD coexisting with epilepsy is poorly understood, thus we compared the clinical correlates and psychiatric comorbidities in 36 children with epilepsy and ADHD, aged 6 to 17 years enrolled in an ADHD treatment trial, to those reported in the literature on children with ADHD without epilepsy. Methods-Measures included the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia forSchool-Age Children (KSADS), the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), and the Scales for Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R).Results-Mean IQ was 86±19, and SIB-R Standard Score was 72±26. The ADHD-Combined subtype, composed of both inattentive and hyperactive symptoms, was most frequent (58%). Sixtyone percent exhibited a comorbid disorder, including anxiety disorders (36%), and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (31%).Conclusions-Comorbidity in ADHD with epilepsy is similar to that of ADHD without epilepsy reported in the literature. These preliminary data argue that the pathophysiology of ADHD has common components in both populations.

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Section: Comorbid Psychiatric Disorderssupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The rate of comorbidity between ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is about 50%, Conduct Disorder about 15%, and anxiety disorders about 30% [11], and between ADHD and MDD between 14 to 44% [12]. Children with ADHD without epilepsy are commonly male and display the combined subtype.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric disorders and behavioral characteristics of pediatric patients with both epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Gonzalez–Heydrich

Dodds

Whitney

et al. 2007

Epilepsy & Behavior

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“…Biederman et al 47 recently reported no significant differences between male and female subjects in the rate of any of the ADHD symptoms in a sample of non-referred children, suggesting that the gender differences identified previously in referred ADHD subjects 48 could represent an artifact of referral bias rather than true gender effects. Our data confirm this finding in a sample of obese adolescents who were not specifically referred for ADHD symptoms.…”

Section: Adhd and Bulimic Symptoms In Obese Children S Cortese Et Almentioning

confidence: 92%

Association between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bulimic behaviors in a clinical sample of severely obese adolescents

et al. 2006

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Objective: Preliminary evidence suggests a comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity. This study was carried out to identify the clinical characteristics of obese adolescents with a higher probability of ADHD and advance the understanding of the potential factors underlying the comorbidity between obesity and ADHD. We evaluated the association between ADHD symptoms and bulimic behaviors, depressive and anxiety symptoms, degree of obesity, pubertal stage, age and gender in a clinical sample of obese adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Ninety-nine severely obese adolescents aged 12-17 years. Measurements: Subjects filled out the Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Their parents completed the Conners Parent Rating Scale, which assesses ADHD symptoms. The degree of overweight was expressed as body mass index-z score. Puberty development was clinically assessed on the basis of Tanner stages. Results: Bulimic behaviors were significantly associated with ADHD symptoms after controlling for depressive and anxiety symptoms. The degree of overweight, pubertal stage, age and gender were not significantly associated with ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: Obese adolescents with bulimic behaviors may have a higher probability to present with ADHD symptoms independently from associated depressive or anxiety symptoms. The degree of overweight, pubertal stage, age and gender might not be useful for detecting obese adolescents with ADHD symptoms. Therefore, we suggest systematic screening for ADHD in obese adolescents with bulimic behaviors. Further studies are needed to understand which specific dimension of ADHD primarily accounts for the association with bulimic behaviors. Future research should also investigate the causal link between bulimic behaviors and ADHD and explore potential common neurobiological alterations. This may lead to a better understanding of the effectiveness of stimulants for the treatment of bulimic behaviors in obese subjects.

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“…Earlier studies of clinical populations of ADHD have repeatedly shown gender differences in outcomes 17, 65, 66. Some indicate that girls with ADHD can have severe psychiatric comorbidities and low global functioning 67, 68, 69, 70, while others have shown that girls can be less impaired than boys 5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ADHD affects both boys and girls in all areas of functioning, for example, academically, cognitively, psychosocially, and psychiatrically 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Even though ADHD is associated with coexisting externalizing and internalizing disorders in both genders, girls with ADHD are significantly more likely to display internalizing disorders than boys with ADHD 25, 31, 32, 33.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

Selinus

Molero

Lichtenstein

et al. 2016

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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ObjectiveTo examine the association between different levels of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and sex differences in psychosocial outcomes during adolescence.MethodSwedish children (n = 4635) were screened for neuropsychiatric symptoms at age 9 or 12. ADHD symptoms were divided into three levels: screen‐negative, screen‐intermediate, and screen‐positive. At follow‐up (age 15), parents and teenagers filled out questionnaires regarding (i) hyperactivity/inattention, (ii) peer problems, (iii) school problems, (iv) internalizing problems, (v) antisocial behaviour, (vi) alcohol misuse, and (vii) drug misuse. All outcomes were controlled for symptoms of diagnostic categories other than ADHD.ResultsIncreasing levels of ADHD symptoms in childhood were associated with higher proportions of adolescents who displayed negative psychosocial outcomes. More girls than boys reported internalizing problems (all levels) and risky drug use (screen‐intermediate and screen‐positive only). More boys reported antisocial behaviour at the screen‐negative and screen‐intermediate levels, but at the screen‐positive level, similar proportions of girls and boys displayed antisocial behaviour.ConclusionThe findings support the view that ADHD symptoms, as well as their negative outcomes, are dimensionally distributed in the population and that adolescent girls and boys display different risk profiles. The findings confirm that ADHD symptoms are associated with higher risk of drug misuse in girls.

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Influence of Gender on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Referred to a Psychiatric Clinic

Abstract: The lower likelihood for girls to manifest psychiatric, cognitive, and functional impairment than boys could result in gender-based referral bias unfavorable to girls with ADHD.

Cited by 687 publications

References 23 publications

Psychiatric disorders and behavioral characteristics of pediatric patients with both epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Psychiatric disorders and behavioral characteristics of pediatric patients with both epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Association between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bulimic behaviors in a clinical sample of severely obese adolescents

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls

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