“…Herein, the scan specifies that Fe ions have valence states of 2 + and 3 + , and the satellite Fe peaks represent the bond formation initiated by octahedral (O h ) and tetrahedral sites (T h ). 9 The observed C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s spectra in Figure 9c,d, with a precise nitrogen peak at around 399 eV, confirm the presence of chitosan on the surface of the NPs. Henceforth, the complete survey scan displayed in Figure 9e shows peaks corresponding to iron, gadolinium, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, indicating the presence of both the Gddoped magnetite core and the chitosan coating.…”