Influence of formamidines on batrachotoxin in a 20α-benzoate binding to neural membranes from pyrethroid susceptible and resistant tobacco budworm moths Heliothis virescens

Toxicity of Pyrethroids and Effect of Synergists to Larval and Adult <I>Helicoverpa zea</I>, <I>Spodoptera frugiperda</I>, and <I>Agrotis ipsilon</I>(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…Amitraz, recognized initially as an acaricide and insect ovolarvicide, was subsequently shown to act also as a synergist of certain insecticides, including pyrethroids (Knowles 1982); however, its mode of synergistic action is not well understood. Evidence indicates that amitraz, by acting directly and/or indirectly through one or more of its metabolites, may interfere with insecticide metabolism by inhibiting some esterases and oxidases (Usmani et al 1995), as well as by interfering with certain insecticide-target interactions Plapp 1990, 1992;Church et al 1993 closely related analog permethrin, and to study the effects of the synergists piperonyl butoxide, S,S,S-trin-butyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), and amitraz on cypermethrin toxicity.…”