Influence of feed temperature to biofouling of ultrafiltration membrane during skim milk processing

Chamberland, Julien; Messier, Thomas; Dugat-Bony, Éric; Lessard, Marie-Hélène; Labrie, Steve; Doyen, Alain; Pouliot, Yves

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.02.005

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Studies have indicated that operating at high temperatures can result in a faster rate of microbial growth and biofilm formation than at low temperatures. Chamberland et al [39] reported that the rate of biofilm formation on UF membranes during skim milk processing at 15 • C was slower than at 50 • C. These authors found that bacterial growth was significantly higher at 50 • C, with the number of 16S rRNA gene copies on the membrane increasing from 3.21 ± 0.12 to 8.83 ± 1.58 log 10 gene copies per cm 2 after 15 h of processing, while, at 15 • C, the number of gene copies on the membrane only increased from 3.31 ± 0.24 to 3.86 ± 0.58 gene copies per cm 2 after 48 h of filtration.…”

Section: Microbial Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Microfiltration as an Enabler of Sustainable Dairy Protein Ingredient Innovation

Kelly

Crowley

O’Mahony

2021

Foods

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Classically, microfiltration (0.1–0.5 µm) of bovine skim milk is performed at warm temperatures (45–55 °C), to produce micellar casein and milk-derived whey protein ingredients. Microfiltration at these temperatures is associated with high initial permeate flux and allows for the retention of the casein fraction, resulting in a whey protein fraction of high purity. Increasingly, however, the microfiltration of skim milk and other dairy streams at low temperatures (≤20 °C) is being used in the dairy industry. The trend towards cold filtration has arisen due to associated benefits of improved microbial quality and reduced fouling, allowing for extended processing times, improved product quality and opportunities for more sustainable processing. Performing microfiltration of skim milk at low temperatures also alters the protein profile and mineral composition of the resulting processing streams, allowing for the generation of new ingredients. However, the use of low processing temperatures is associated with high mechanical energy consumption to compensate for the increased viscosity, and thermal energy consumption for inline cooling, impacting the sustainability of the process. This review will examine the differences between warm and cold microfiltration in terms of membrane performance, partitioning of bovine milk constituents, microbial growth, ingredient innovation and process sustainability.

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Section: Microbial Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Microfiltration as an Enabler of Sustainable Dairy Protein Ingredient Innovation

Kelly

Crowley

O’Mahony

2021

Foods

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“…Analyses showed that the amounts of biofilms and accumulated EPS were not significantly different between the reference and the heated biofilms. It is surprising, since more severe biofouling is usually observed at higher temperatures [41,42]. Felz et al has shown that EPS yield can be strongly affected by the method of EPS extraction [24].…”

Section: Impact Of Temperature On Biofilm Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Impact of Temperature on Biofilm Composition with a Laboratory Heat Exchanger Module

et al. 2021

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Temperature change over the length of heat exchangers might be an important factor affecting biofouling. This research aimed at assessing the impact of temperature on biofilm accumulation and composition with respect to bacterial community and extracellular polymeric substances. Two identical laboratory-scale plate heat exchanger modules were developed and tested. Tap water supplemented with nutrients was fed to the two modules to enhance biofilm formation. One “reference” module was kept at 20.0 ± 1.4 °C and one “heated” module was operated with a counter-flow hot water stream resulting in a bulk water gradient from 20 to 27 °C. Biofilms were grown during 40 days, sampled, and characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, EPS extraction, FTIR, protein and polysaccharide quantifications. The experiments were performed in consecutive triplicate. Monitoring of heat transfer resistance in the heated module displayed a replicable biofilm growth profile. The module was shown suitable to study the impact of temperature on biofouling formation. Biofilm analyses revealed: (i) comparable amounts of biofilms and EPS yield in the reference and heated modules, (ii) a significantly different protein to polysaccharide ratio in the EPS of the reference (5.4 ± 1.0%) and heated modules (7.8 ± 2.1%), caused by a relatively lower extracellular sugar production at elevated temperatures, and (iii) a strong shift in bacterial community composition with increasing temperature. The outcomes of the study, therefore, suggest that heat induces a change in biofilm bacterial community members and EPS composition, which should be taken into consideration when investigating heat exchanger biofouling and cleaning strategies. Research potential and optimization of the heat exchanger modules are discussed.

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“…To explain this observation, a stronger biofilm formation by the thermophilic bacteria can be considered responsible for the steep drop in pH and strong flux decrease. The ability of common thermophilic microorganisms to form a biofilm and to multiply in this biofilm is known from studies reported by Chamberland et al [4] and Sadiq et al [33]. The activity of proteolytic enzymes was also considered as a possible factor for the rapid pH decrease at 55 • C since enzymatic protein hydrolysis leads to a reduced pH.…”

Section: Changes In Ph and Microbial Count As A Function Of The Filtrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At these temperatures, hydrophobic protein interactions are enhanced, resulting in a shift in the equilibrium between soluble casein monomers (mainly β-casein) in the serum and casein molecules integrated in the micelles [3], which can thus be retained by the membrane. It is, however, not considered that the growth of thermophilic microorganisms is enhanced at higher filtration temperatures [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although pasteurized skim milk is commonly used in industrial operations for milk protein fractionation to reduce the initial bacterial concentration, various thermostable microorganisms and spores can survive the pasteurization process [12]. Common thermostable microorganisms are, e.g., Pseudomonadales [12], as well as Anoxybacillus flavithermus, Geobacillus spp., and Bacillus spp., which can produce enzymes and acids [4], and thus influence the protein fractionation process via biofilm formation and pH reduction. The growth optima of these bacteria are between 40 and 65 • C [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Temperature-Dependent Bacterial Growth during Milk Protein Fractionation by Means of 0.1 µM Microfiltration on the Length of Possible Production Cycle Times

Schiffer

Kulozik

2020

Membranes

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This study determined the maximum possible filtration time per filtration cycle and the cumulated number of operational hours per year as a function of the processing temperature during milk protein fractionation by 0.1 µm microfiltration (MF) of pasteurized skim milk. The main stopping criteria were the microbial count (max. 105 cfu/mL) and the slope of the pH change as a function of filtration time. A membrane system in a feed and bleed configuration with partial recirculation of the retentate was installed, resembling an industrial plants’ operational mode. Filtration temperatures of 10, 14, 16, 20, and 55 °C were investigated to determine the flux, pH, and bacterial count. While the processing time was limited to 420 min at a 55 °C filtration temperature, it could exceed 1440 min at 10 °C. These data can help to minimize the use of cleaning agents or mixing phase losses by reducing the frequency of cleaning cycles, thus maximizing the active production time and reducing the environmental impact.

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Influence of feed temperature to biofouling of ultrafiltration membrane during skim milk processing

Cited by 19 publications

References 58 publications

Cold Microfiltration as an Enabler of Sustainable Dairy Protein Ingredient Innovation

Cold Microfiltration as an Enabler of Sustainable Dairy Protein Ingredient Innovation

Assessment of the Impact of Temperature on Biofilm Composition with a Laboratory Heat Exchanger Module

Effect of Temperature-Dependent Bacterial Growth during Milk Protein Fractionation by Means of 0.1 µM Microfiltration on the Length of Possible Production Cycle Times

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