Influence of fatty acids content in non-edible oil for biodiesel properties

Chuah, Lai Fatt; Yusup, Suzana; Aziz, Abdul; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír; Bokhari, Awais; Abdullah, Mohamad Zaki

doi:10.1007/s10098-015-1022-x

Cited by 93 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Conversion ð%Þ ¼ ND i À ND f ND i (10) Epoxidation ð%Þ ¼ ðI þ JÞ=2 NF Â ND i (11) Selectivity ð%Þ ¼ epoxidation ð%Þ conversion ð%Þ (12) where ND i is the number of double bonds in the original oil and ND f is the number of double bonds le in EVOs, obtained by substitution into eqn (3) of the corresponding peak areas in the spectrum of the epoxidized oil. I and J are the peak areas related to the hydrogens of the epoxide groups at chemical shis of 2.9 (mono-epoxide) and 3.1 (di-epoxide) ppm, respectively.…”

Section: Measurement Of Conversion Selectivity and Epoxide Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic developments in the epoxidation of vegetable oils and the analysis methods of epoxidized products

et al. 2019

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Section: Measurement Of Conversion Selectivity and Epoxide Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic developments in the epoxidation of vegetable oils and the analysis methods of epoxidized products

et al. 2019

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“…Although biodiesel production has been widely studied, several challenges remain in order for biodiesel to succeed fossil-diesel as a replacement. Raw material price [30], energy consumption [31], time, and scale-up costs are the main among them [32]. Even though it is known that raw material is the highest cost in biodiesel processes, being about 70-75%, it is derived from the use of edible feedstock.…”

Section: Case Study: Production Of Biodiesel In a Batch Reactormentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Approach to Solving Stochastic Optimal Control Problems

et al. 2019

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A conventional approach to solving stochastic optimal control problems with time-dependent uncertainties involves the use of the stochastic maximum principle (SMP) technique. For large-scale problems, however, such an algorithm frequently leads to convergence complexities when solving the two-point boundary value problem resulting from the optimality conditions. An alternative approach consists of using continuous random variables to capture uncertainty through sampling-based methods embedded within an optimization strategy for the decision variables; such a technique may also fail due to the computational intensity involved in excessive model calculations for evaluating the objective function and its derivatives for each sample. This paper presents a new approach to solving stochastic optimal control problems with time-dependent uncertainties based on BONUS (Better Optimization algorithm for Nonlinear Uncertain Systems). The BONUS has been used successfully for non-linear programming problems with static uncertainties, but we show here that its scope can be extended to the case of optimal control problems with time-dependent uncertainties. A batch reactor for biodiesel production was used as a case study to illustrate the proposed approach. Results for a maximum profit problem indicate that the optimal objective function and the optimal profiles were better than those obtained by the maximum principle.

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“…16 Because of the increased usage of edible oil for biodiesel production, there are some demerits such as problem in irrigation water availability, increase in irrigation water requirement, rise of biomass price, more land anywhere in the world will be altered into farmland, increase in greenhouse gas emissions. 24 Because of these demerits, researchers have searched for an alternate resources for biodiesel production. To exploit the cellulosic materials (stems and leaves of plants, oils seeds from nonedible plants, and biomass derived from waste) used as feedstock for the biodiesel production, technologies are being developed.…”

Section: Effect Of Feedstocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized production and advanced assessment of biodiesel: A review

et al. 2018

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Summary Biodiesel production is profitable only under special conditions. Technical challenges including methods to make the transesterification reaction more energy efficient and faster by using catalysts, controlling reaction conditions more efficiently in narrow range, or selection of appropriate feedstocks should be properly addressed to make biodiesel economical viable fuel. Cradle to grave assessment of biodiesel is provided in the present review article. Transesterification reaction variables that affect the purity and performance of biodiesel including quality of raw materials, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type and concentration of used catalysts, concentration of free fatty acids, water content, temperature, and time required for the reaction are critically described to provide complete understanding and obtaining economical and optimal biodiesel yields. This article also provides a critical review of biodiesel properties such as density, viscosity, cetane number, cloud point, pour point, and flash point. The importance of analytical methods including gas chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy is presented and highlighted here in a novel way. Finally, this review will provide complete understanding to readers about biodiesel.

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Influence of fatty acids content in non-edible oil for biodiesel properties

Cited by 93 publications

References 48 publications

Catalytic developments in the epoxidation of vegetable oils and the analysis methods of epoxidized products

Catalytic developments in the epoxidation of vegetable oils and the analysis methods of epoxidized products

A New Approach to Solving Stochastic Optimal Control Problems

Optimized production and advanced assessment of biodiesel: A review

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