Influence of family resources on secondhand smoking in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study in the border and minority urban areas of Northwest China

Abstract

Background Pregnant women’s exposure to secondhand smoke is a very serious health issue in China. The purpose of our research is to identify factors that predict the probability of exposure to secondhand smoke among pregnant women from the perspective of a family-based open system. Methods From September 2014 to August 2015, Urumqi City, Shihezi City, and Shawan County-level City were sampled according to population characteristics. A revised structured questionnaire based on family resources was adapted for use in this study. Questionnaires were collected via convenience sampling at the hospitals with the largest number of local antenatal clients. A total of 1249 pregnant women of age 18–51 years were investigated. Descriptive statistics were calculated to characterize the participants and study variables. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of family resources corresponding variables on the likelihood that participants would be exposed to SHS. Both unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR/AOR) [with 95% confidence intervals (CI)] were reported. Results The secondhand smoke exposure rate found in this study was 54.6%. Having good knowledge of the dangers of secondhand smoke had no effect on reducing the prevalence of exposure (P > 0.05). Even pregnant women whose husbands who did not use tobacco or never smoked nearby had a risk of exposure to secondhand smoke [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.568, 95% CI 1.205–2.041] when the data were adjusted for age, gravidity, gestational weeks, knowledge of the dangers of secondhand smoke, location, and work status. Home smoking bans were confirmed to be an important protective factor (AOR 1.710, 95% CI 1.549–1.918); however, only one-third (33.5%) of participants reported having a smoking ban at home. Religion (mainly Islam), as a special external family resource, was a protective factor that reduced secondhand smoke exposure in pregnant women (AOR 0.399, 95% CI 0.312–0.510). Conclusions The effect of family resources on tobacco control should be considered in the development of effective and enduring strategies for indoor smoking bans and smoking cessation.

Association between secondhand smoke exposure in pregnant women and their socioeconomic status and its interaction with age: a cross-sectional study

“…In addition, the age of pregnant women was also considered an indicator for predicting SHS exposure during pregnancy, and it was positively associated with SHS exposure [29,31,32]. The accumulation hypothesis showed that the level of SES-based health advantages progressively declined with age [33].…”

Passive exposure to cigarette smoke of pregnants and the effect of passive exposure from cigarette smoke on newborn body sizes: A hospital focused cross-sectional study

“…In addition, studies conducted in countries where the patriarchal family structure is dominant show that home is where the woman can spend time with her husband freely and women want their husbands to be with them at home. Therefore, the rate of PECS increases during pregnancy [20,22,23].…”

Association Between Second Hand Smoke (SHS) Exposure In Pregnant Women And Their Socioeconomic Status (SES) And Its Interaction With Age: A Cross-Sectional Study In Urban Areas

“…In addition, family's consensus on smoking ban may be an effective strategy [23], as in the pregnancy women are well protected in family, particularly their spouse/partner value their advice. In a word, it is imperative for both pregnant women and their spouse/partner to be included in interventions for tobacco control and ongoing implementation of preconception and pregnancy health education.…”

“…In additional, pregnant women's age was also considered as another indicator to predict the SHS exposure during pregnancy and it was positive associated with SHS exposure [21,23,24]. The accumulation hypothesis showed the level of SES-based health advantage progressively decline as age [25].…”