“…Regarding diurnal fluctuations, due to the dense urbanization in the Beijing area, it stores more heat during HW periods. Moreover, the strengthening of WPSHI also leads to increased stable airflows and aerosol pollution (Dong et al., 2023; Gong & He, 2002; Qu et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2019; Zong et al., 2023). These factors cause the urban area of Beijing to experience weaker nighttime cooling compared to rural areas, resulting in higher peak values for diurnal fluctuations, thereby making diurnal fluctuations more prominent.…”