Influence of Ethanol on Porous Anodic Alumina Growth in Etidronic Acid Solutions at Various Temperatures

Abstract

Etidronic acid, used in aluminum anodization, has a great potential for the fabrication of porous anodic alumina (PAA) with large cell sizes (>540 nm). PAAs are particularly suited to applications in optics and photonics where large-scale periodicity corresponding to visible or infrared light is needed. Additionally, such PAAs should be characterized by long-range pore ordering. However, to obtain regular pore arrangement in an etidronic electrolyte, the anodization should be performed at high electric fields using relatively high temperatures, which makes the process challenging in terms of its stability. To stabilize the process, the electrolyte can be modified with ethanol. In this work, the impact of ethanol on pore geometry and a level of pore ordering is systematically analyzed. It is shown that the additive tends to reduce pore ordering. Moreover, by changing the anodizing temperature and the amount of ethanol, it is possible to tune the porosity of the PAA template. At 20 °C, porosity drops from 14% in PAA grown in a pure water-based electrolyte to ca. 8% in PAA fabricated in the 1:3 v/v EtOH:H2O electrolyte. The larger PAA thickness obtained for the same charge density strongly suggests that PAA formation efficiency increases in the 1:3 v/v EtOH:H2O mixture.