Influence of ethanol blended and dual fueled with gasoline on soot formation and particulate matter emissions in a small displacement spark ignition engine

Catapano, Francesco; Iorio, Silvana Di; Luise, Ludovica; Sementa, Paolo; Vaglieco, Bianca Maria

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.173

Cited by 41 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In gasoline engines, however, laws and protocols have not been set up for PM emission. Due to its adverse effect on the human respiratory system, the attention to enact regulations of PM emission in gasoline engines has raised recently [123][124][125][126][127][128]. Generally, the use of butanol has successfully decreased the Particle Number (PN) emissions in SI engine.…”

Section: Particulate Matter (Pm) Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Performance, Combustion and Emissions of SI Engine Fuelled with Butanol: A Review

Veza¹,

Said²,

Latiff³

2020

IJAME

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Several studies on ethanol as a biofuel have been comprehensively carried out. Today, a growing interest in longer chain alcohols has emerged due to their favourable physical and thermodynamic properties. Butanol or butyl alcohol with 4-carbon structure (C4H9OH) is a more promising biofuel as it outweighs methanol and ethanol in several ways. The production cost of butanol has been gradually reduced, and rapid progress in the development of its production technology has allowed butanol to be produced more effectively. However, studies on the effect of butanol on gasoline or spark ignition (SI) engines are not as comprehensive as the abundant research of ethanol. This paper highlights recent novelty and contribution of butanol addition in SI engine. Results of new approaches on the engine’s performance, combustion and emission characteristics are summarised. Reviews from this paper suggest that there are some gaps in the addition of butanol found in the literature. Thus, several encounters and forthcoming research directions are outlined in the final section of this review article, highlighting several possible contributions that have not yet been carried out using butanol as a biofuel in a gasoline engine.

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Section: Particulate Matter (Pm) Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Performance, Combustion and Emissions of SI Engine Fuelled with Butanol: A Review

Veza¹,

Said²,

Latiff³

2020

IJAME

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Low heat value (MJ/kg) [30] 43.5 26.9 Latent heat of vaporization (kJ/kg)(@25 • C) [31] 380-500 874 Reid vapor pressure (kPa)(@37.8 • C) [31] 72. 4 16.1 RON [26] 95.7 106 Theoretical air-fuel ratio [26] 14.8:1 9:1 Oxygen atom content (mass%) [32] ≤2 Table 4. Fuel naming rules.…”

Section: Gasoline Ethanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study on the Effects of Ethanol Proportion on the Particle Numbers Emissions in a Combined Injection Engine

et al. 2019

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Ethanol has significant potential for the reduction of fuel consumption and the emissions of engines. In this paper, a dual-fuel combined engine test rig with ethanol injected in the intake port and gasoline injected directly into the cylinder are developed and the effects of ethanol/gasoline ratio (Re) on the combustion and emission of particle numbers are investigated experimentally. The results indicate that the peak in-cylinder temperature (Tmax) decreases continuously with the increase of the ethanol/gasoline ratio (Re). For particle emissions, ethanol can significantly reduce the accumulation mode particle number (APN) at low engine speed; and the lowest number of particulates are at G25 (the gasoline ratio is 25% of the fuel) at low load. And at high engine load, the total particle number (TPN) is insensitive to speed with large ethanol fraction and TPN is relatively small. With the decrease of Re (Re < 50%), TPN rises sharply. When the direct injection timing advances, TPN reduces continuously and the effects caused by speed can be neglected. On the contrary, the speed has significant effects on particle emissions at various ignition times. At low speed, increasing ignition advance can cause the increase of the TPN; which is contrary to the effects of particle emissions at medium engine speed. And the effect of ignition timing at high speed on particle number is not obvious. The ignition timing for which the lowest TPN is reached will increase with the direct injection timing advances.

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“…Second-generation bioethanol fuel can be obtained by fermentation of glucose derived from lignocellulosic biomass. The use of ethanol instead of gasoline as transportation fuel provides a more complete and cleaner combustion, reducing carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon, and particulate emissions. , Furthermore, bio-derived ethanol used as fuel can help mitigate climate change, being CO 2 neutral …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-immobilization of Cellulase and β-Glucosidase into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Hydrolysis of Cellulose Extracted from Eriobotrya japonica Leaves

et al. 2022

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Fungal cellulases generally contain a reduced amount of β-glucosidase (BG), which does not allow for efficient cellulose hydrolysis. To address this issue, we implemented an easy co-immobilization procedure of β-glucosidase and cellulase by adsorption on wrinkled mesoporous silica nanoparticles with radial and hierarchical open pore structures, exhibiting smaller (WSN) and larger (WSN-p) inter-wrinkle distances. The immobilization was carried out separately on different vectors (WSN for BG and WSN-p for cellulase), simultaneously on the same vector (WSN-p), and sequentially on the same vector (WSN-p) in order to optimize the synergy between cellulase and BG. The obtained results pointed out that the best biocatalyst is that prepared through simultaneous immobilization of BG and cellulase on the same vector (WSN-p). In this case, the adsorption resulted in 20% yield of immobilization, corresponding to an enzyme loading of 100 mg/g of support. 82% yield of reaction and 72 μmol/min·g activity were obtained, evaluated for the hydrolysis of cellulose extracted from Eriobotrya japonica leaves. All reactions were carried out at a standard temperature of 50 °C. The biocatalyst retained 83% of the initial yield of reaction after 9 cycles of reuse. Moreover, it had better stability than the free enzyme mixture in a wide range of temperatures, preserving 72% of the initial yield of reaction up to 90 °C.

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Influence of ethanol blended and dual fueled with gasoline on soot formation and particulate matter emissions in a small displacement spark ignition engine

Cited by 41 publications

References 31 publications

Improved Performance, Combustion and Emissions of SI Engine Fuelled with Butanol: A Review

Improved Performance, Combustion and Emissions of SI Engine Fuelled with Butanol: A Review

Comparative Study on the Effects of Ethanol Proportion on the Particle Numbers Emissions in a Combined Injection Engine

Co-immobilization of Cellulase and β-Glucosidase into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Hydrolysis of Cellulose Extracted from Eriobotrya japonica Leaves

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