Influence of Estradiol and Fetal Stress on Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Prolactin in Late-Gestation Fetal Sheep

Wood, Charles E.; Keller‐Wood, Maureen

doi:10.1159/000324431

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 71 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, hypoxia increased ESR2 (ERβ) mRNA significantly, with an apparent increase in mean ESR1 expression level that was not statistically significant ( Table 4 ). We previously reported that brachiocephalic occlusion increased LH, but not FSH or PRL mRNA [ 36 ]. In the present experiment, we found that hypoxia increased FSH, but not LH or PRL mRNA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomics Modeling of the Late-Gestation Fetal Pituitary Response to Transient Hypoxia

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe late-gestation fetal sheep responds to hypoxia with physiological, neuroendocrine, and cellular responses that aid in fetal survival. The response of the fetus to hypoxia represents a coordinated effort to maximize oxygen transfer from the mother and minimize wasteful oxygen consumption by the fetus. While there have been many studies aimed at investigating the coordinated physiological and endocrine responses to hypoxia, and while immunohistochemical or in situ hybridization studies have revealed pathways supporting the endocrine function of the pituitary, there is little known about the coordinated cellular response of the pituitary to the hypoxia.ResultsThirty min hypoxia (from 17.0±1.7 to 8.0±0.8 mm Hg, followed by 30 min normoxia) upregulated 595 and downregulated 790 genes in fetal pituitary (123–132 days’ gestation; term = 147 days). Network inference of up- and down- regulated genes revealed a high degree of functional relatedness amongst the gene sets. Gene ontology analysis revealed upregulation of cellular metabolic processes (e.g., RNA synthesis, response to estrogens) and downregulation of protein phosphorylation, protein metabolism, and mitosis. Genes found to be at the center of the network of upregulated genes included genes important for purine binding and signaling. At the center of the downregulated network were genes involved in mRNA processing, DNA repair, sumoylation, and vesicular trafficking. Transcription factor analysis revealed that both up- and down-regulated gene sets are enriched for control by several transcription factors (e.g., SP1, MAZ, LEF1, NRF1, ELK1, NFAT, E12, PAX4) but not for HIF-1, which is known to be an important controller of genomic responses to hypoxia.ConclusionsThe multiple analytical approaches used in this study suggests that the acute response to 30 min of transient hypoxia in the late-gestation fetus results in reduced cellular metabolism and a pattern of gene expression that is consistent with cellular oxygen and ATP starvation. In this early time point, we see a vigorous gene response. But, like the hypothalamus, the transcriptomic response is not consistent with mediation by HIF-1. If HIF-1 is a significant controller of gene expression in the fetal pituitary after hypoxia, it must be at a later time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomics Modeling of the Late-Gestation Fetal Pituitary Response to Transient Hypoxia

et al. 2016

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A Seven-Year Survey of Management of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Sepsis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Vancomycin May Not Be Necessary as Empiric Therapy

Hemels

Hoogen²,

Verboon-Maciolek³

et al. 2011

Neonatology

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Background: The typical empiric therapy for coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CONS) sepsis includes vancomycin. In our neonatal intensive care unit, we have consistently avoided the use of vancomycin to treat CONS sepsis, except for specific cases, and have used instead cefazolin as empiric agent. Objectives: The clinical outcome of infants with CONS sepsis was evaluated in relation to the susceptibility of CONS blood isolates to cefazolin over a period of 7 years. Methods: Clinical characteristics, symptoms of sepsis and antibiotic use were studied retrospectively. Susceptibility of CONS blood isolates to cefazolin was determined by E-test. Results: Of 163 infants with proven CONS sepsis, 121/140 (86%) infants with a cefazolin-susceptible (minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) ≤8 mg/l) and 21/23 (91%) with a cefazolin-resistant (MIC ≧32 mg/l) blood isolate were treated with cefazolin. 21 (13%) infants were switched to vancomycin, in only 3 of them CONS had become resistant to cefazolin. The majority (81%) of the infants with a good response to cefazolin had the indwelling central venous catheter removed, in contrast to only 22% of the infants with cefazolin treatment failure. Median cefazolin MIC values were 0.75–2 mg/l during the study period. Conclusions: The great majority of infants with CONS sepsis was successfully treated with cefazolin. The use of vancomycin could be restricted to specific cases. Despite the consistent use of cefazolin in neonatal CONS sepsis over an extended period of time, cefazolin MIC values remained low and in the susceptible range. Removal of the central venous catheter in infants with clinical symptoms of sepsis is an important therapeutic measure.

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Up-Regulation of the Fetal Baboon Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Coincidence with Hypothalamic Glucocorticoid Receptor Insensitivity and Leptin Receptor Down-Regulation

Ramahi

Nijland

et al. 2013

Endocrinology

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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an important fetal developmental problem resulting from 2 broad causes: maternal undernutrition and/or decreased fetal nutrient delivery to the fetus via placental insufficiency. IUGR is often accompanied by up-regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). Sheep studies show fetal HPAA autonomy in late gestation. We hypothesized that IUGR, resulting from poor fetal nutrient delivery, up-regulates the fetal baboon HPAA in late gestation, driven by hypothalamo-pituitary glucocorticoid receptor (GR) insensitivity and decreased fetal leptin in peripheral plasma. Maternal baboons were fed as ad libitum controls or nutrient restricted to produce IUGR (fed 70% of the control diet) from 0.16 to 0.9 gestation. Peripheral ACTH, cortisol, and leptin were measured by immunoassays. CRH, arginine vasopressin (AVP), GR, leptin receptor (ObRb), and pro-opiomelanocortin peptide expression were determined immunohistochemically. IUGR fetal peripheral cortisol and ACTH, but not leptin, were increased (P < .05). IUGR increased CRH peptide expression, but not AVP, in the fetal hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and median eminence (P < .05). PVN ObRb peptide expression, but not GR, was decreased (P < .05) with IUGR. ObRb and pro-opiomelanocortin were robustly expressed in the anterior pituitary gland, but ∼1% of cells showed colocalization. We conclude that (1) CRH, not AVP, is the major releasing hormone driving ACTH and cortisol secretion during primate IUGR, (2) fetal HPAA activation was aided by GR insensitivity and decreased ObRb expression in the PVN, and (3) the anterior pituitary is not a site for ObRb effects on the HPAA.

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Influence of Estradiol and Fetal Stress on Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Prolactin in Late-Gestation Fetal Sheep

Cited by 4 publications

References 71 publications

Transcriptomics Modeling of the Late-Gestation Fetal Pituitary Response to Transient Hypoxia

Transcriptomics Modeling of the Late-Gestation Fetal Pituitary Response to Transient Hypoxia

A Seven-Year Survey of Management of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcal Sepsis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Vancomycin May Not Be Necessary as Empiric Therapy

Up-Regulation of the Fetal Baboon Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Coincidence with Hypothalamic Glucocorticoid Receptor Insensitivity and Leptin Receptor Down-Regulation

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