Influence of energy density on selective laser sintering of carbon fiber-reinforced PA12

Czelusniak, Tiago; Amorim, Fred L.

doi:10.1007/s00170-020-06261-2

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The increase in energy density will reduce the shape accuracy of the scaffold in terms of pore size and porosity. There might be two reasons: one is that the higher energy density leads to a higher heat-affected area, resulting in a larger shrinkage of consolidated PCL powder, and the other is that the higher energy density with a higher temperature gradient transfers heat from the center to the edge of the molten pool more effectively, generating a wider molten pool ( Czelusniak and Amorim, 2020 ). Hulbert et al (1971) claimed that a minimum pore size of 100 μm is necessary for the porous implant materials so that it is conducive to the growth of neovascular substances to transport nutrients needed for cell growth and the exchange of metabolites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biocompatibility and repair ability of bone scaffolds are closely related to their surface properties. Many researchers are focusing on the chemical and biological activities of the scaffold through surface coating; the physical properties of the scaffold surface, including the surface microgeometry and roughness, can also significantly alter the biocompatibility and repair ability of the scaffold ( Bachle and Kohal, 2004 ; Kim et al, 2004 ; Czelusniak and Amorim, 2020 ). For example, Jeon et al (2014) have manufactured PCL scaffolds and then modified the scaffold surface via oxygen plasma treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface Roughness and Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffolds: An Energy-Density-Guided Parameter Optimization for Selective Laser Sintering

Han

Sun

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Three-dimensional porous polycaprolactone (PCL) bone scaffolds prepared by selective laser sintering (SLS) have demonstrated great potential in the repair of non-load-bearing bone defects. The microgeometry and surface roughness of PCL scaffolds during the SLS process may change the biocompatibility and bioactivity of the scaffolds. However, in addition to the widely concerned mechanical properties and structural accuracy of scaffolds, there is still a lack of systematic research on how SLS process parameters affect the surface roughness of PCL scaffolds and the relationship between roughness and biocompatibility of scaffolds. In this study, we use the energy density model (EDM) combined with the thermodynamic properties of PCL powder to calculate the energy density range (Ed1–Ed3) suitable for PCL sintering. Five PCL scaffolds with different laser powers and scanning speeds were prepared; their dimensional accuracy, mechanical strength, and surface properties were comprehensively evaluated, and the bioactivities were compared through the attachment and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the scaffolds. It was found that the high energy density (Ed3) reduced the shape fidelity related to pore size and porosity, and the dense and smooth surface of the scaffolds showed poor cytocompatibility, while the low energy density (Ed1) resulted in weak mechanical properties, but the rough surface caused by incomplete sintered PCL particles facilitated the cell adhesion and proliferation. Therefore, the surface roughness and related biocompatibility of PCL bone scaffolds should be considered in energy-density-guided SLS parameter optimization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Roughness and Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffolds: An Energy-Density-Guided Parameter Optimization for Selective Laser Sintering

Han

Sun

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…This may explain the remarkable asymptotic decrease of both the COF and the friction-induced noise of the Y-oriented specimen. Further analysis of Figure 10 reveals that upon coalescence of boundary cracks at the CF/PA12 interface, delamination occurs and releases lumps of PA12 that may initiate a state of three-body abrasion [41,42]. Similarly, Figure 10 shows an SEM picture of the worn surface of the Y-oriented specimen.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem)mentioning

confidence: 96%

Dry Friction and Wear Behavior of Laser-Sintered Graphite/Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 12 Composite

Gadelmoula,

Aldahash

2023

Polymers

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Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are being used extensively in modern industries that require a high strength-to-weight ratio, such as aerospace, automotive, motorsport, and sports equipment. However, although reinforcement with carbon fibers improves the mechanical properties of polymers, this comes at the expense of abrasive wear resistance. Therefore, to efficiently utilize CFRPs in dry sliding contacts, solid lubricant is used as a filler. Further, to facilitate the fabrication of objects with complex geometries, selective laser sintering (SLS) can be employed. Accordingly, in the present work, graphite-filled carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 12 (CFR-PA12) specimens were prepared using the SLS process to explore the dry sliding friction and wear characteristics of the composite. The test specimens were aligned along four different orientations in the build chamber of the SLS machine to determine the orientation-dependent tribological properties. The experiments were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer to measure the coefficient of friction (COF), interface temperature, friction-induced noise, and specific wear rate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tribo-surfaces was conducted to specify the dominant wear pattern. The results indicated that the steady-state COF, contact temperature, and wear pattern of graphite-filled CFR-PA12 are orientation-independent and that the contact temperature is likely to approach an asymptote far below the glass transition temperature of amorphous PA12 zones, thus eliminating the possibility of matrix softening. Additionally, the results showed that the Z-oriented specimen exhibits the lowest level of friction-induced noise along with the highest wear resistance. Moreover, SEM of tribo-surfaces determined that abrasive wear is the dominant wear pattern.

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“…The effect of the digital model accuracy includes the conversion accuracy of the digital model as well as the segmentation accuracy of the slicing software [25]. In addition, the physical environment can affect temperature shrinkage [26], sintering shrinkage, and secondary sintering [27,28] (see Figure 1). The effects of these influencing factors are summarized as follows.…”

Section: Analysis Of Sources Of Influence On Powder Bed Dimensional A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction and Compensation of a Dimensional Accuracy Model of a Powder Bed via Laser Sintering

Dai

Guo

et al. 2023

Polymers

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In the laser sintering (LS) printing process, a printed part is formed by sintering layer-by-layer on the powder bed. Thus, it is necessary to consider the dimensional accuracy of the laser-sintered powder bed as an important evaluation index. In this paper, a generalized powder bed–size accuracy compensation model is proposed for non-crystalline thermoplastic polymer materials. Taking polyethersulfone (PES) material as an example, the main factors influencing powder bed dimensional accuracy during LS printing are modeled and analyzed experimentally in this study, including four important factors: laser reference deviation, temperature deviation, density deviation, and secondary sintering deviation. In this study, CX_A200 LS equipment is used for prototyping and verification, a 3D scanning method is used to measure the printed parts, and the measurement results are digitally compared and analyzed. On this basis, the relationship of each influencing factor in the proposed compensation model is determined experimentally, and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed compensation model is approximately 95% effective in terms of correcting the deviation of powder bed dimensional accuracy.

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Influence of energy density on selective laser sintering of carbon fiber-reinforced PA12

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

Surface Roughness and Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffolds: An Energy-Density-Guided Parameter Optimization for Selective Laser Sintering

Surface Roughness and Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffolds: An Energy-Density-Guided Parameter Optimization for Selective Laser Sintering

Dry Friction and Wear Behavior of Laser-Sintered Graphite/Carbon Fiber/Polyamide 12 Composite

Construction and Compensation of a Dimensional Accuracy Model of a Powder Bed via Laser Sintering

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