Influence of endothelial glycocalyx layer microstructure upon its role as a mechanotransducer

Lee, Tet Chuan; Suresh, V.; Clarke, Richard

doi:10.1017/jfm.2020.249

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Computational fluid dynamics (CFD; Tu et al, 2019) and the finite element method (FEM; Zienkiewicz et al, 2005) are two commonly used techniques in macroscopic simulations, which originated from the fluid mechanics and solid mechanics communities, respectively. Generally, continuum-based conservation laws and macroscopic physical models for bio-features are solved to obtain flow profile over and/or through the EG layer (Wang, 2007;Lee et al, 2016Lee et al, , 2020, deformation/force of the anchoring cells or membranes (Tarbell and Shi, 2013;Dabagh et al, 2014), order of magnitude of force transmitted via the glycocalyx (Saez et al, 2019).…”

Section: Macroscopic Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simplification based on experimental observation is imperative for achieving numerical results of acceptable accuracy in reasonable timeframes. Take geometric periodicity as an example: Researchers (Lee et al, 2020) have set up different periodic geometries for core proteins and GAGs and analysed the pressure gradient (an indicator used to quantify mechanotransduction in the research) differences among different periodic geometries. Results suggest that the periodicity type determines the pressure gradient within the EG layer: hexagonal periodicity of the core proteins leads to greater mechanotransduction, and rectangular periodicity of aggregated GAGs leads to the greatest conversion of pressure gradients to wall tractions.…”

Section: Macroscopic Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the Role of Endothelial Glycocalyx in Mechanotransduction via Computational Simulation: A Mini Review

Luo

Ventikos

2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is a forest-like structure, covering the lumen side of blood vessel walls. EG is exposed to the mechanical forces of blood flow, mainly shear, and closely associated with vascular regulation, health, diseases, and therapies. One hallmark function of the EG is mechanotransduction, which means the EG senses the mechanical signals from the blood flow and then transmits the signals into the cells. Using numerical modelling methods or in silico experiments to investigate EG-related topics has gained increasing momentum in recent years, thanks to tremendous progress in supercomputing. Numerical modelling and simulation allows certain very specific or even extreme conditions to be fulfilled, which provides new insights and complements experimental observations. This mini review examines the application of numerical methods in EG-related studies, focusing on how computer simulation contributes to the understanding of EG as a mechanotransducer. The numerical methods covered in this review include macroscopic (i.e., continuum-based), mesoscopic [e.g., lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD)] and microscopic [e.g., molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) methods]. Accounting for the emerging trends in artificial intelligence and the advent of exascale computing, the future of numerical simulation for EG-related problems is also contemplated.

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Section: Macroscopic Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Macroscopic Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Role of Endothelial Glycocalyx in Mechanotransduction via Computational Simulation: A Mini Review

Luo

Ventikos

2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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“…The glycocalyx (GC) is a layer of glycolipids and glycoproteins ubiquitously expressed on most cells and highly expressed on most endothelia, where it is highly involved in their homeostasis and integrity [ 20 , 30 ]. Glycoproteins are characterised by several carbohydrate chains (or glycans) covalently linked to a core protein, in which the carbohydrate may be in the form of a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, linear and branched oligosaccharides and a polysaccharide or their derivatives (such as a sulfonated or phosphorylated glycan).…”

Section: Glycocalyxmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of BAR Proteins and the Glycocalyx in Brain Endothelium Transcytosis

Leite

Matias

Battaglia

2020

Cells

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Within the brain, endothelial cells lining the blood vessels meticulously coordinate the transport of nutrients, energy metabolites and other macromolecules essential in maintaining an appropriate activity of the brain. While small molecules are pumped across specialised molecular transporters, large macromolecular cargos are shuttled from one side to the other through membrane-bound carriers formed by endocytosis on one side, trafficked to the other side and released by exocytosis. Such a process is collectively known as transcytosis. The brain endothelium is recognised to possess an intricate vesicular endosomal network that mediates the transcellular transport of cargos from blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood. However, mounting evidence suggests that brain endothelial cells (BECs) employ a more direct route via tubular carriers for a fast and efficient transport from the blood to the brain. Here, we compile the mechanism of transcytosis in BECs, in which we highlight intracellular trafficking mediated by tubulation, and emphasise the possible role in transcytosis of the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) proteins and glycocalyx (GC)—a layer of sugars covering BECs, in transcytosis. Both BAR proteins and the GC are intrinsically associated with cell membranes and involved in the modulation and shaping of these membranes. Hence, we aim to summarise the machinery involved in transcytosis in BECs and highlight an uncovered role of BAR proteins and the GC at the brain endothelium.

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“…Yet, the mechanical engineering aspects of this subject are attracting growing attention. With the existing technical limitations for studying glycocalyx, several attempts have been published in recent years to model glycocalyx and apply diverse simulation techniques to offer glimpses into its behavior [1] , [2] . Nonetheless, the fragmentary character of the existing knowledge on the subject at hand is eye-catching and the discourse between physical, biophysical, and biological approaches, techniques, assumptions, and interpretations is conspicuously lacking in harmony.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical properties of endothelial glycocalyx: An imperfect pendulum

Goligorsky

2021

Matrix Biology Plus

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Highlights This review seeks to fuse the discoveries in cell biology with mechanical engineering to produce a comprehensive biophysical model of endothelial glycocalyx. The aperiodic oscillatory motions of glycocalyx and cortical actin web underlie our prediction of two functional pacemakers and their participation in the outside-in signaling, the basis for mechanotransduction, and the dampening action of the inside-out signaling. Advancing an idea that the glycocalyx, plasma membrane, and cortical actin web represent a structure-functional unit and proposing the concept of tensegrity model. Presentation of our recent data suggesting that erythrocytes are gliding or havering and rotating over the surface of intact glycocalyx, whereas the rotational and hovering components of their passage along the capillaries are lost when glycocalyx of either is degraded.

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Influence of endothelial glycocalyx layer microstructure upon its role as a mechanotransducer

Cited by 6 publications

References 33 publications

Understanding the Role of Endothelial Glycocalyx in Mechanotransduction via Computational Simulation: A Mini Review

Understanding the Role of Endothelial Glycocalyx in Mechanotransduction via Computational Simulation: A Mini Review

The Role of BAR Proteins and the Glycocalyx in Brain Endothelium Transcytosis

Biomechanical properties of endothelial glycocalyx: An imperfect pendulum

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