Influence of electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle in paraplegic subjects. 2. Morphological and histochemical properties

Rochester, Lynn; Barron, Martin J.; Chandler, Colin; Sutton, R A; Miller, S.; Johnson, Mark

doi:10.1038/sc.1995.112

Cited by 99 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The results of the present study support and extend the observations of other studies in human subjects.27 , 32 Furthermore, the contractile properties appear to be well matched to the histochemical profiles determined from muscle biopsy, with an increase in the proportion of type 2 fibres, a decrease in fibre diameter and a decrease in the activity of oxidative enzymes, as discussed in the following paper. 1 The paraplegic subjects demonstrated a marked in crease in the half relaxation time index in comparison to normal SUbjects. Lenman et a12?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Influence of electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle in paraplegic subjects. 1. Contractile properties

et al. 1995

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In adult paraplegic subjects one tibialis anterior muscle received daily electrical stimulation for 4 weeks at twice motor threshold to determine changes of its contractile properties (this paper) and its morphological and histochemical profiles (following paper).! Force, speed of contraction and fatigue resistance were assessed by percutaneous electrical stimulation of the muscle with torque measured about the ankle. Comparative contractile tests were performed on 51 normal adult subjects and new parameters for force measurement proposed, particularly where maximum voluntary contraction cannot be obtained. In paraplegic subjects before stimulation the tibialis anterior muscle showed evidence of disuse with decreased force, faster contraction and relaxation, and reduced fatigue resistance. The effects of two stimulus patterns were compared: 10 Hz, and 10 Hz with 100 Hz bursts. After stimulation contraction was slower, fatigue resistance increased and there was a tendency for force to increase. No differences occurred using the different stimulus patterns. Four weeks later fatigue resistance was partially maintained, while speed of contraction reverted to pre-stimulus levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Influence of electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle in paraplegic subjects. 1. Contractile properties

et al. 1995

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“…38 Consistent with this suggestion are studies that have suggested that long term SCI patients have increased fatiging that is not explained by reduced oxidative enzymes. 39,40 In summary, this study is one of the ®rst to examine incomplete SCI, who make up as much as 55% of all SCI patients. These ®ndings suggest that incomplete spinal cord injured patients have impaired vascular control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood flow response in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injuries

2002

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Study design: Cross sectional comparison, control group. Objective: To determine if incomplete spinal cord injured patients (SCI) have an abnormal blood¯ow response to cu ischemia compared to able-bodied individuals (AB). Setting: Academic institution. Methods: Blood¯ow in ®ve chronic incomplete SCI patients (C4 ± C5) and 17 able bodied individuals was measured in the common femoral artery using quantitative Doppler ultrasound (GE LogiQ 400CL) at rest and after distal thigh cu occlusion of 2, 4 and 10 min to investigate whether blood¯ow or vascular control were di erent in SCI's and AB. Results: Blood¯ow and the diameter of the common femoral artery at rest were similar in incomplete SCI and AB. Peak¯ow after 10 min of cu ischemia (the highest found) was also comparable between incomplete SCI and AB. The half-time for recovery of blood¯ow to baseline after 2, 4 or 10 min of ischemia was 50% longer for incomplete SCI compared to the AB (P=0.023). In addition, peak blood¯ow after 2 and 4 min of ischemia relative to the maximum, 10 min value (2/10 and 4/10 ratios) was lower in incomplete SCI compared to AB (0.65+0.06 vs 0.76+0.15, P=0.029 and 0.75+0.10 vs 0.89+0.11, P=0.014, respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that incomplete spinal cord injured patients have impaired vascular control seen as a slower return to resting¯ow after cu ischemia and reduced sensitivity to ischemia relative to maximum¯ow. However, incomplete SCI patients did not demonstrate impaired¯ow capacity as seen in complete SCI patients suggesting that smaller cardiovascular abnormalities are seen with incomplete versus complete SCI injury. Impaired vascular control may serve to limit exercise capacity and may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease. Impaired circulation could contribute to impaired muscle function and poor cardiovascular health in incomplete SCI's, although these ®ndings need to be replicated in a study with more subjects. Sponsorship: Paralyzed Vetrans Association and NIH grants HL65179 and HD33738.

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“…Round et al 7 determined that biopsies from the vastus lateralis of patients 11 months ± 9 years post SCI were composed primarily of Type II ®bres. In a recent report by Rochester et al 8,9 patients were studied 1 ± 14 years post SCI. In six of seven patients there was a predominance of Type II ®bres found in biopsies from the tibialis anterior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, the majority of the studies from SCI patients have relied on a relative comparison of the histochemically determined ®bre types between normal and SCI muscle biopsies. 1,2,6,7,9 The subjective nature of ®bre typing based on saturated histochemical reaction products may be suited for muscle under steady state conditions, but is much less reliable under conditions of perturbation. 5,18 Therefore, they may lack the sensitivity required to discern early changes in those properties determining ®bre type.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal muscle fibre type transformation following spinal cord injury

et al. 1997

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Following spinal cord injury (SCI), upper motor neuron paralysed muscles lose the normal type I (slow) and II (fast) ®bre mosaic pattern and become predominantly composed of type II (fast glycolytic) ®bres). The majority of the research demonstrating this ®bre type shift was based on pH sensitive myo®brillar ATPase staining techniques on muscle from longstanding paraplegics and quadriplegics. The purpose of this study was to describe muscle ®bre type changes over a wide time spectrum post SCI using immuno¯uorescent techniques which may be more sensitive to change. A total of 19 vastus lateralis muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from 12 SCI subjects representing time points of 0.5 ± 219 months post SCI. Fast and slow myosin heavy chain isoform distribution was determined on single muscle ®bres for each of the biopsy specimens. Early post SCI (51 month) myosin heavy chain (MCH) isoform composition remained relatively stable. A transitional period was seen between 1 and 20 months post SCI wherein there was a progressive drop in the proportion of slow MHC isoform ®bres and a rise in the proportion that co-expressed both the fast and slow MHC isoform. By approximately 70 months post SCI a new steady state had been reached characterized by almost exclusively fast MHC isoform expression. This research has demonstrated that post SCI muscle type II transformation occurs in stages and commences earlier than previously appreciated. Interventions aimed at preventing or minimizing the transformation would need to be instituted within weeks post SCI.

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Influence of electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle in paraplegic subjects. 2. Morphological and histochemical properties

Cited by 99 publications

References 29 publications

Influence of electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle in paraplegic subjects. 1. Contractile properties

Influence of electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle in paraplegic subjects. 1. Contractile properties

Blood flow response in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injuries

Skeletal muscle fibre type transformation following spinal cord injury

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