Influence of Eimeria falciformis Infection on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Pathways in Mice

Zhang, Sixin; Zhou, Chun-Xue; Tang, Xiaoli; Li, Chao; Wang, Chaoyue; Tang, Xinming; Suo, Jingxia; Jia, Yonggen; El‐Ashram, Saeed; Yu, Zhengquan; Cai, Jianping; Gupta, Nishith; Suo, Xun; Liu, Xianyong

doi:10.1128/iai.00073-18

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…The gut microbiota has essential role in resistance to colonization by enteric pathogens, including parasitic protozoa, in the gut [37,38]. Therefore, disruption in the compositional development of gut microbiota in early life might also alter the pathophysiology of parasitic infection either by promoting infection or by conferring resistance [39][40][41]. The decrease in diversity on dol 11 and total bacteria on dol 15 may support previous findings that protozoan infections can disrupt the enteric microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

The fecal microbiota evolves differently in piglets experimentally infected with Cystoisospora suis that are treated with toltrazuril

Shrestha¹,

Metzler‐Zebeli²,

Karembe³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The protozoan parasite Cystoisospora suis causes diarrhea and reduced weight gain in suckling piglets. Infections with C. suis occur in the first days of life; it is transient but can lead to dysbiosis, exacerbating disease and increasing mortality. Cystoisosporosis is effectively controlled by toltrazuril treatment; however, alterations of the gut microbial composition upon infection and treatment have not been investigated. This study evaluated the development of fecal microbiota of C. suis infected piglets in response to treatment with toltrazuril.Methods: Thirty-eight conventional piglets were infected with C. suis on the first day of life (dol 1). Twenty-six of them received either parenteral or oral toltrazuril two days later. Fecal samples were collected pre- and post-weaning (dol 1-15 and 31-38) for microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and during dol 5-18 to determine fecal consistency and parasite excretion.Results: All piglets in the control group shed parasites at least once and the majority developed diarrhea, while toltrazuril-treated piglets did not excrete parasites and only had low levels of diarrhea. Age-related shifts in the fecal microbiota composition and increase in diversity and species richness were seen until after weaning. Infection with C. suis disrupted bacterial maturation two weeks after infection. Irrespective of the route of administration, fecal communities of piglets in the treated groups clustered separately and were more diverse compared to that of control piglets during the acute phase of infection on dol 11. Control piglet feces showed higher levels of Fusobacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae, while Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, S24-7, Clostridiaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae were more abundant in feces of treated piglets on dol 11. After weaning, treatment-related effects on the microbial communities diminished and were presumably masked by changes associated with weaning.Conclusion: Irrespective of the administration route, toltrazuril prevented C. suis-related dysbiosis and maintained species richness and diversity on dol 11. In addition to cystoisosporosis prevention, toltrazuril seems to contribute to the stabilization of the gut microbial development during the suckling phase and thus may reduce the need for antibiotics to control infections with secondary bacterial enteropathogens in C. suis-infected suckling piglets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

The fecal microbiota evolves differently in piglets experimentally infected with Cystoisospora suis that are treated with toltrazuril

Shrestha¹,

Metzler‐Zebeli²,

Karembe³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The salt flotation technique was used to detect Eimeria oocysts [13]. The obtained Eimeria oocysts from fecal samples were separately stored into 2.5% potassium dichromate solution at 27 • C and 60%-80% humidity for 7 d [14]. Sporulated oocysts were collected after centrifugation (Centurion, Hoddesdon, UK), washed using distilled water, and identified under a microscope.…”

Section: Parasitological Examination Of Fecal Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Pre- and Post-Weaning Mortalities in Rabbits Bred in Egypt, with Reference to Parasitic and Bacterial Causes

El‐Ashram

Aboelhadid

Abdel-Kafy

et al. 2020

Animals

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This study was conducted to investigate the causes of mortality in young rabbits. A total of 110 V-Line breed female rabbits aged 5 m were used in this study. Rabbit kits were examined daily in pre- and postweaning stages to detect clinical disorders that caused death. The postmortem examination was carried out on dead kits. Furthermore, rabbits were examined for the probable bacteriological and parasitological causes of death. Fecal samples were collected from each dead kit and examined by standard microbiological procedures for bacterial pathogens and macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of endo- and ectoparasites. Throughout two breeding seasons, 2238 newborns were obtained, of which 1736 died, accounting for a 77.57% mortality rate. During preweaning (1st month of age) and postweaning (up to 3 months of age), 1501 (67.10%) and 235 (31.90%) deaths were recorded, respectively. A postweaning fecal examination revealed that 198 out of 229 (86.50%) were diarrheic rabbits due to Eimeria infection. Cittotaenia spp. eggs were detected in 4.37% of fecal samples, and mites (Sarcoptis scabiei) were present in 6.55%. E. coli was detected in 100% of examined animals during pre- and postweaning periods; however, Salmonella spp. were 97.22% and 43.67, respectively. Managemental risk factors were the main causes in preweaning mortality, including insufficient milk supply (37.37%), cannibalism (26.38%), mange infestation of a rabbit doe (22.20%), mastitis (4.30%), lack of doe care (5.00%), bronchopneumonia (2.13%), and enteritis (1.80%). However, risk factors in postweaning mortality included sudden death with general septicemia (13.80%), enteritis (9.63%), bronchopneumonia (5.43%), mange infestation (2.04%), and malnutrition (0.81%). In conclusion, the etiology of preweaning mortality in kits was related mainly to the doe, especially managemental risk factors. However, a combination of multiple pathogenic agents (parasites and bacteria) and managemental factors was reported in the postweaning stage. Careful attention must be paid to avoid these causes.

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“…Microflora in gastrointestinal tract play a vital role to local immunity stimulation, utilization of nutrients and inhibition of pathogenic bacterial colonization by competitive exclusion process and also have capability to release short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid by non-digestible fibers utilization to provide extra energy sources to host [17]. Studies reported that, gut microbiota can cause the alteration in pathophysiology of parasite infection to resist from enteric protozoan and its infection [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of probiotics and Bidens pilosa on the performance and gut health of chicken during induced E. tenella infection

Memon

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Probiotics and Medicinal plants are widely used as an alternative to treat different kinds of the acute and chronic diseases in all over the world. Bidens pilosa is commonly used as foods and therapeutics against various pathogens including protozoan. In the present study probiotics and Bidens pilosa were used to explore the anticoccidial activity during experimental infection of Eimeria tenella ( E. tenella ) in chicken Methods One hundred and fifty one-day-old Chinese yellow breed chickens were divided into five equal groups. Group 1 was kept as control group (CG; un-treated, unchallenged). All other groups were inoculated with E. tenella sporulated oocysts on day 21 of age. Group 2 was kept as positive control (CPG; un-treated, challenged). Group 3 was treated with probiotics (PG) at the rate of 1g/kg of feed. Group 4 was treated with Bidens pilosa (BPG) at the dose of 0.5%/kg of feed. Group 5 was kept as probiotics + Bidens pilosa group (PG + BPG). All birds were weighed initially, day of infection and the final day of experiment. On day 5, 6, 7 and 8 post-infection (PI), bloody diarrhea was scored as normal (0) to sever (1, 2, 3 and 4), at the same time oocysts shedding was quantified by McMaster method. Gross caecal lesion scoring was checked at the final day of experiment. The apoptosis related gene expressions (Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3), anti-oxidant enzymatic expressions (CAT, SOD 1), Peptide transporter 1 (PepT 1), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and tight junction proteins expressions (CLDN 1, ZO 1) were checked by real time PCR. All related gene expressions average relative to β-actin was calculated by 2−ΔΔCt method. Results Birds treated with probiotics, Bidens pilosa and probiotics + Bidens pilosa slightly increased the body weight gain, significantly reduced oocysts shedding, destructive ratio of ceaca and mortality % than control positive group. CPG birds up-regulated the expressions of Bcl-2 while down-regulated the expressions of Bax and caspase-3 as compared to PG, BPG and PG + BPG groups. Moreover, Eimeria challenged chickens supplemented with probiotics, Bidens pilosa alone and combined showed higher anti-oxidant enzymatic activity than those of challenged un-treated chickens. Additionally, the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction related proteins were also up-regulated by the treated challenged than un-treated challenged chickens. Conclusion Present results revealed that, feed supplementation of probiotics and Bides pilosa induced apoptosis, enhanced anti-oxidant enzymatic activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as tight junction proteins and reduce mortality during E.tenella infection in chickens.

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Influence of Eimeria falciformis Infection on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Pathways in Mice

Cited by 40 publications

References 50 publications

The fecal microbiota evolves differently in piglets experimentally infected with Cystoisospora suis that are treated with toltrazuril

The fecal microbiota evolves differently in piglets experimentally infected with Cystoisospora suis that are treated with toltrazuril

Investigation of Pre- and Post-Weaning Mortalities in Rabbits Bred in Egypt, with Reference to Parasitic and Bacterial Causes

Effects of probiotics and Bidens pilosa on the performance and gut health of chicken during induced E. tenella infection

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